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Introduction to Supercritical Fluids
A Spreadsheet-Based Approach
- 2nd Edition - October 1, 2025
- Authors: Richard L. Smith, Hiroshi Inomata, Cor J. Peters
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 7 4 3 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 7 4 4 - 0
Introduction to Supercritical Fluids: A Spreadsheet-Based Approach Second Edition provides an accessible overview of elementary supercritical fluid processes (including extractio… Read more
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Request a sales quoteIntroduction to Supercritical Fluids: A Spreadsheet-Based Approach Second Edition provides an accessible overview of elementary supercritical fluid processes (including extraction, particle formation, heat exchangers, phase equilibrium, chemical reaction equilibrium) supported by easy-to-use Excel spreadsheets suitable for both specialized-discipline (chemistry or chemical engineering student) and mixed-discipline (engineering/economic student) classes. Each chapter contains worked examples, tip boxes and end-of-the-chapter problems and projects.
Part I covers web-based chemical information resources, applications and simplified theory presented in a way that allows students of all disciplines to delve into the properties of supercritical fluids and to design energy, extraction and materials formation systems for real-world processes that use supercritical water or supercritical carbon dioxide. P
Part II takes a practical approach and addresses the thermodynamic framework, equations of state, fluid phase equilibria, heat and mass transfer (newly added), chemical equilibria and also reaction kinetics (newly added) of supercritical fluids. Spreadsheets are arranged as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) functions and macros that are completely (source code) accessible for students who have interest in developing their own programs. Programming is not required to solve problems or to complete projects in the text.
Introduction to Supercritical Fluids, Second Edition is written primarily for graduate students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science.
- Provides an overview of elementary supercritical fluid processes (extraction, particle formation, heat exchangers, phase equilibrium, chemical reaction equilibrium)
- Each chapter contains practical activities with worked examples, tip boxes and end-of-the-chapter problems and projects for the reader
- Contains new and updated worked examples suitable for both introductory and advanced level students and fully updated Excel VBA Worksheet functions that can be used "as-is" to perform "hands-on" calculations, simulations and analyses of supercritical fluid processes and allow users to design their own processes
- Includes helpful teaching aids that will simplify instruction of both introductory level students and advanced students about the merits and applications of supercritical fluids
- Fluid phase equilibria and chemical equilibria worksheets allow users to change conditions, study new solutes, co-solvents, chemical systems, or reactions
New to this edition:
- New chapters on mass transfer, reaction kinetics and advanced topics with all previous chapters being fully updated
Students, graduates and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science. Students: both undergraduate and graduate students. Book is suitable as an introductory text (Chapters 1-4) for undergraduate students and as an advanced text (Chapters 1-9) for graduate students. Text has been used to teach non-engineering students (Chapters 1-4) and to teach advanced undergraduate and graduate students (Chapters 1-9)
Part I – for Multi-disciplinary instruction
1. Chemical Vocabulary and Essentials
1.1 Philosophy of the text
1.2 Organization of the text
1.3 Basic words and concepts
1.4 Some notes on pressure
1.5 Chapter Summary
1.6 Suggested additional reading and references
1.7 End of chapter problems
2. Systems, Devices and Processes
2.1 Material, energy and entropy balances
2.2 Analysis of devices and processes
2.3 Practical process I: Transcritical CO2 hot water heating system
2.4 Practical process II: Flavor extraction with supercritical CO2
2.5 Practical process III: Fine particle formation with supercritical H2O
2.6 Chapter Summary
2.7 Suggested references and reading
2.8 End of chapter problems
2.9 End of chapter projects
2.10 Report format
3. Chemical information and Know-How
3.1 Sources of chemical information
3.2 Chemical property databases – reference substances
3.3 Chemical property databases – non-reference substances
3.4 Chemical literature databases
3.5 Bibliometrics
3.6 Chapter Summary
3.7 Suggested additional reading and references
3.8 End of chapter problems
4. Historical background and Applications
4.1 Historical background
4.2 Characteristic features common to all supercritical fluids Pure substance, Mixtures
4.3 Extraction with supercritical CO2
4.4 Commercial food products
4.5 Methods for improving yield and modifying selectivity
4.6 Dietary supplements
4.7 Green chemistry with supercritical CO2
4.8 Polymer Synthesis
4.9 Separations
4.10 Characteristic features of water
4.11 Commercial chemical and waste recycling processes
4.12 Commercial hydrothermal and supercritical oxidation processes
4.13 Particle Formation
4.14 Coating and Film Deposition
4.15 Polymer Processing
4.16 Food Processing
4.17 Chromatography
4.18 Gas-Expanded Liquids
4.19 Aerogels
4.20 Advanced materials
4.21 Chapter summary
4.22 References and suggested reading
4.23 End of chapter problems
Part II – for Specialized discipline instruction
5. Underlying thermodynamics and Practical expressions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Material, energy, and entropy balances
5.3 Thermodynamic systems
5.4 Basic thermodynamic relationships
5.5 Fugacity
5.6 Phase stability
5.7 Criteria for critical points
5.8 Practical criteria
5.9 Practical expressions for phase equilibria
5.10 Chapter summary
5.11 Suggested additional reading and references
5.12 End of chapter problems
6. Equations of state and Formulations for mixtures
6.1 Overview
6.2 Calculation of CO2 properties with Excel VBA functions
6.3 Calculation of H2O properties with Excel VBA functions
6.4 Mathematically simple equations of state
6.5 Cubic equations of state
6.6 Pure component fugacity from a cubic equation of state (EoS)
6.7 Application of cubic EoS to mixtures
6.8 Modern cubic equation of state formulations
6.9 Huron-Vidal concept of relating EoS constants to solution models
6.10 Advanced equations of state (EoS)
6.11 Sanchez-Lacombe EoS (SL EoS)
6.12 Statistical associating fluid theory EoS (SAFT EoS)
6.13 Perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid EoS (pc-SAFT EoS)
6.14 Updated cubic EoS
6.15 Chapter summary
6.16 Suggested additional reading and references
6.17 End of chapter problems
7. Phase equilibria
7.1 Overview
7.2 Solid-vapor equilibria (SVE)
7.3 Vapor-Liquid equilibria (VLE)
7.4 Solid-Liquid-Vapor equilibria (SLVE)
7.5 Critical Loci
7.6 3D Visualization of phase diagrams
7.7 Chapter summary
7.8 Suggested additional reading and references
7.9 End of chapter problems
8. Mass transfer
8.1 Overview
8.2 Mass transfer models related to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
8.3 Numerical solution of extraction mass transfer models
8.4 Mass transfer models related to particle processing (RESS/SAS/SEDS)
8.5 Numerical solution of mass transfer models related to particle processing
8.6 Chapter summary
8.7 Suggested additional reading and references
8.8 End of chapter problems
9. Heat transfer and Finite-difference methods
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Heat exchangers
9.3 Modes of heat transfer
9.4 Fluid physical properties
9.5 Analysis of shell-and-tube heat exchangers
9.6 Estimation of heat exchanger area
9.7 Equations of change
9.8 Chapter summary
9.9 Suggested additional reading and references
9.10 End of chapter problems
10. Chemical equilibria
10.1 Overview
10.2 Thermochemistry
10.3 Le Châtlier’s principle
10.4 Calculation of chemical equilibrium
10.5 Chemical reactors
10.6 Reactions at supercritical conditions
10.7 Concluding remarks
10.8 Suggested references and reading
10.9 End of chapter problems
10.10 End of chapter projects
11. Reaction Kinetics
11.1 Overview
11.2 Arrhenius law
11.3 Oxidation in supercritical phases
11.4 Hydrogenation in supercritical phases
11.5 Biphasic reaction systems
11.6 Biodiesel and biofuel systems
11.7 Concluding remarks
11.8 Suggested references and reading
11.9 End of chapter problems
11.10 End of chapter projects
12. Advanced topics
12.1 Overview
12.2 Drying of structured materials
12.3 Biomass pretreatment and separation
12.4 Dyeing and impregnation
12.5 Ionic liquids (IL) and deep eutectic solvents (DES)
12.6 Polymer foaming
12.7 Machine learning approaches
12.8 Suggested references and reading
12.9 End of chapter problems
12.10 End of chapter projects
A. Appendices
A.1 Files for visual phase phenomena
A.2 A Scientist’s guide to using VBA in Excel
A.3 Numerical methods
A.4 Guide to using included Excel files
A.5 Listing of VBA programs and Excel files
A.6 Listing of chapter-oriented teaching aid files (Powerpoint, pdf)
1. Chemical Vocabulary and Essentials
1.1 Philosophy of the text
1.2 Organization of the text
1.3 Basic words and concepts
1.4 Some notes on pressure
1.5 Chapter Summary
1.6 Suggested additional reading and references
1.7 End of chapter problems
2. Systems, Devices and Processes
2.1 Material, energy and entropy balances
2.2 Analysis of devices and processes
2.3 Practical process I: Transcritical CO2 hot water heating system
2.4 Practical process II: Flavor extraction with supercritical CO2
2.5 Practical process III: Fine particle formation with supercritical H2O
2.6 Chapter Summary
2.7 Suggested references and reading
2.8 End of chapter problems
2.9 End of chapter projects
2.10 Report format
3. Chemical information and Know-How
3.1 Sources of chemical information
3.2 Chemical property databases – reference substances
3.3 Chemical property databases – non-reference substances
3.4 Chemical literature databases
3.5 Bibliometrics
3.6 Chapter Summary
3.7 Suggested additional reading and references
3.8 End of chapter problems
4. Historical background and Applications
4.1 Historical background
4.2 Characteristic features common to all supercritical fluids Pure substance, Mixtures
4.3 Extraction with supercritical CO2
4.4 Commercial food products
4.5 Methods for improving yield and modifying selectivity
4.6 Dietary supplements
4.7 Green chemistry with supercritical CO2
4.8 Polymer Synthesis
4.9 Separations
4.10 Characteristic features of water
4.11 Commercial chemical and waste recycling processes
4.12 Commercial hydrothermal and supercritical oxidation processes
4.13 Particle Formation
4.14 Coating and Film Deposition
4.15 Polymer Processing
4.16 Food Processing
4.17 Chromatography
4.18 Gas-Expanded Liquids
4.19 Aerogels
4.20 Advanced materials
4.21 Chapter summary
4.22 References and suggested reading
4.23 End of chapter problems
Part II – for Specialized discipline instruction
5. Underlying thermodynamics and Practical expressions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Material, energy, and entropy balances
5.3 Thermodynamic systems
5.4 Basic thermodynamic relationships
5.5 Fugacity
5.6 Phase stability
5.7 Criteria for critical points
5.8 Practical criteria
5.9 Practical expressions for phase equilibria
5.10 Chapter summary
5.11 Suggested additional reading and references
5.12 End of chapter problems
6. Equations of state and Formulations for mixtures
6.1 Overview
6.2 Calculation of CO2 properties with Excel VBA functions
6.3 Calculation of H2O properties with Excel VBA functions
6.4 Mathematically simple equations of state
6.5 Cubic equations of state
6.6 Pure component fugacity from a cubic equation of state (EoS)
6.7 Application of cubic EoS to mixtures
6.8 Modern cubic equation of state formulations
6.9 Huron-Vidal concept of relating EoS constants to solution models
6.10 Advanced equations of state (EoS)
6.11 Sanchez-Lacombe EoS (SL EoS)
6.12 Statistical associating fluid theory EoS (SAFT EoS)
6.13 Perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid EoS (pc-SAFT EoS)
6.14 Updated cubic EoS
6.15 Chapter summary
6.16 Suggested additional reading and references
6.17 End of chapter problems
7. Phase equilibria
7.1 Overview
7.2 Solid-vapor equilibria (SVE)
7.3 Vapor-Liquid equilibria (VLE)
7.4 Solid-Liquid-Vapor equilibria (SLVE)
7.5 Critical Loci
7.6 3D Visualization of phase diagrams
7.7 Chapter summary
7.8 Suggested additional reading and references
7.9 End of chapter problems
8. Mass transfer
8.1 Overview
8.2 Mass transfer models related to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
8.3 Numerical solution of extraction mass transfer models
8.4 Mass transfer models related to particle processing (RESS/SAS/SEDS)
8.5 Numerical solution of mass transfer models related to particle processing
8.6 Chapter summary
8.7 Suggested additional reading and references
8.8 End of chapter problems
9. Heat transfer and Finite-difference methods
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Heat exchangers
9.3 Modes of heat transfer
9.4 Fluid physical properties
9.5 Analysis of shell-and-tube heat exchangers
9.6 Estimation of heat exchanger area
9.7 Equations of change
9.8 Chapter summary
9.9 Suggested additional reading and references
9.10 End of chapter problems
10. Chemical equilibria
10.1 Overview
10.2 Thermochemistry
10.3 Le Châtlier’s principle
10.4 Calculation of chemical equilibrium
10.5 Chemical reactors
10.6 Reactions at supercritical conditions
10.7 Concluding remarks
10.8 Suggested references and reading
10.9 End of chapter problems
10.10 End of chapter projects
11. Reaction Kinetics
11.1 Overview
11.2 Arrhenius law
11.3 Oxidation in supercritical phases
11.4 Hydrogenation in supercritical phases
11.5 Biphasic reaction systems
11.6 Biodiesel and biofuel systems
11.7 Concluding remarks
11.8 Suggested references and reading
11.9 End of chapter problems
11.10 End of chapter projects
12. Advanced topics
12.1 Overview
12.2 Drying of structured materials
12.3 Biomass pretreatment and separation
12.4 Dyeing and impregnation
12.5 Ionic liquids (IL) and deep eutectic solvents (DES)
12.6 Polymer foaming
12.7 Machine learning approaches
12.8 Suggested references and reading
12.9 End of chapter problems
12.10 End of chapter projects
A. Appendices
A.1 Files for visual phase phenomena
A.2 A Scientist’s guide to using VBA in Excel
A.3 Numerical methods
A.4 Guide to using included Excel files
A.5 Listing of VBA programs and Excel files
A.6 Listing of chapter-oriented teaching aid files (Powerpoint, pdf)
- No. of pages: 912
- Language: English
- Edition: 2
- Published: October 1, 2025
- Imprint: Elsevier Science
- Paperback ISBN: 9780443137433
- eBook ISBN: 9780443137440
RS
Richard L. Smith
Richard Lee Smith, Jr. received his Ph.D in Chemical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, in 1985. He is Professor in the Graduate School of Environmental Studies at Tohoku University, Japan since 2002 and Asia Regional Editor of The Journal of Supercritical Fluids; having also authored more than 250 scientific papers and publications related to properties, reactions, separations, and material processing with supercritical fluids.
Affiliations and expertise
Tohoku University Graduate School of Environmental Studies, JapanHI
Hiroshi Inomata
Hiroshi Inomata received his Doctor of Engineering from Tohoku University in 1986. He is former Director of the Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology and Professor at Tohoku University, Japan. He is the author of more than 250 scientific papers related to thermodynamics, phase equilibria and molecular simulation of supercritical fluids.
Affiliations and expertise
Tohoku University, JapanCP
Cor J. Peters
Cor J. Peters holds affiliate Distinguished Professorships in Chemical Engineering at both Colorado School of Mines and the University of Maryland, USA. Prior to his current positions, he was chairman of the Chemical Engineering Department at the Petroleum Institute in Abu Dhabi, currently Khalifa University of Science and Technology. Simultaneously to this position, he was the Director of the Gas Research Center.
In academic education, he has taught a variety of courses, e.g.: Thermodynamics, Advanced Thermodynamics, Applied Thermodynamics, Natural Gas Processing, Statistical Thermodynamics, Phase Equilibria and Physical Chemistry. His research expertise covers fields like complex phase equilibria, with main applications on natural gas and gas-condensates. Furthermore, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, hydrogen storage, gas hydrates, supercritical fluid technology, desalination and CO2-sequestration belong to his scientific interest. Dr Peters is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Hydrate Research, Colorado School of Mines, USA