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Immunobiology of COVID-19
- 1st Edition, Volume 202 - January 1, 2024
- Editor: Asiya Zaidi
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 2 8 4 - 1
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 2 8 5 - 8
Immunobiology of COVID19, Volume 202 in the Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science Series provides a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus… Read more
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Request a sales quoteImmunobiology of COVID19, Volume 202 in the Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science Series provides a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its impact on human health. Written by a team of expert contributors, the book covers various aspects of the virus, including its structure, lifecycle, and genomic replication. It delves into the epidemiology of COVID-19, comparing it with other related coronaviruses and discussing the concept of herd immunity. The structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 is examined, with a focus on techniques such as electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography. The book also explores the biology of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their immune evasion strategies. Furthermore, it delves into the pathogenesis of COVID-19, examining its multiorgan manifestations and the long-term effects of the disease. The innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are discussed in detail, along with the role of B cells and T cells in the immune response. The volume concludes with a look at future insights and potential developments in the field. Accompanied by illustrative diagrams and visuals, this volume will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the intricate details of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on global health.
- Provides comprehensive coverage of various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including virus structure, variants, immune responses, and disease pathogenesis, including its multiorgan manifestations and long COVID
- Focuses on in-depth analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, including B cell and T cell responses
- Presents a richly illustrated resource with informative diagrams and visual aids to enhance understanding of complex concepts and structures related to COVID-19
Researchers and scientists in virology, immunology, and infectious diseases. Healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and clinicians. Public health officials and policymakers. Graduate and postgraduate students in relevant fields of study. Academic institutions and libraries with a focus on medical and life sciences
Preface Asiya Kamber Zaidi
CHAPTER 1: VIRUS STRUCTURE AND LIFE CYCLE Sameer Tebha, Aimen Tameezuddin Sanchit Bajpai, Asiya Kamber Zaidi 1. INTRODUCTION 2. VIRUS CLASSIFICATION 3. CORONAVIRUSES 4. STRUCTURE OF SARS-COV-2 4.1 Non-structural proteins 4.2 Structural proteins 4.3 Accessory proteins 5. VIRAL GENOMIC REPLICATION 5.1 Replication and Transcription complex 5.2 RNA elongation and capping 5.3 RTC proofreading mechanism
CHAPTER 2: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COVID-19 Asiya Kamber Zaidi, Puya Dehgani Mobaraki, Rohan Bir Singh 1. INTRODUCTION 2. COMPARISON BETWEEN SARS-COV, MERS-COV, AND SARS-COV-2 3. CONCEPT OF HERD IMMUNITY 4. THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY 5. TIMELINES AND EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF SARS-COV-2 Asiya Kamber Zaidi, Sunny Dawoodi 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 3. XRAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 4. CRYO-EM IMAGING 5. INTRACELLULAR DETECTION AND TRACKING OF SARS-COV-2 6. HOW CRYO-EM HELPED IN DELIVERING HIGH-QUALITY STRUCTURAL INFORMATION OF SARS-COV-2 7. SARS-COV-2 STRUCTURAL VISUALIZATION 7.1 Spike Structure 7.2 RNA polymerase structure 7.3 Intact virion visualization using Cryo-Electron Tomography (cryo-ET) 7.4 Insitu virion visualization using Cryo-Electron Tomography (cryo-ET) CORONAVIRUSES
CHAPTER 4: SARS-COV-2 VARIANT BIOLOGY AND IMMUNE EVASION Asiya Kamber Zaidi, Rohan Bir Singh 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS AND VIRAL EVOLUTION 2.1 Carriers of infection 2.2 Individual Immunity Profiles 2.3 Human Movement 3. SARS-COV-2 MUTATION 3.1 Mutation rate 3.2 Substitution rate 3.3 Recombination 4. TRANSMISSION BOTTLENECK 5. THE EVOLUTION PHASES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC 5.1 Limited evolution in the early months of the pandemic 5.2 First notable change in April 2020: D614G Substitution 5.3 Emergence of Variants with Heavy Mutations 5.4 Emergence of Highly Divergent Lineages (VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma) 5.5 Discovery of Omicron Variants 5.6. A gradual intra-lineage evolution of Omicron 5.7. Inter-lineage Vs intra-lineage dynamics 6. ORIGIN OF VARIANTS OF CONCERN (VOCs) AND THE OMICRON VARIANT 7. THE ROLE OF FURIN CLEAVAGE SITE (FCS) IN THE EMERGENCE OF SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS 8. THE ROLE OF STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEINS IN INFECTIVITY 9. INNATE IMMUNITY EVASION STRATEGIES BY SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS 10. POSSIBILITIES IN THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 5: COVID-19 PATHOGENESIS Asiya Kamber Zaidi, Rohan Bir Singh, Syed. A.A Rizvi, Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki and Nicola Palladino 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RISK FACTORS AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION 3. SARS-COV-2 – MULTIORGAN DISEASE 3.1. Point of entry 3.2. Respiratory system 3.2.1 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 4. EXTRAPULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID-19 4.1. Direct invasion by SARS-CoV-2 4.2. Indirect mechanisms 4.2.1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System (RAAS) imbalance 4.2.2. Immune response dysregulation 4.2.2.1 Innate Immune System 4.2.2.2 Adaptive Immune System 4.2.3. Endothelial damage and coagulopathy 4.2.4. Immunothrombosis 5. MULTISYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID-19 5.1. Cardiovascular system 5.2. Renal System 5.3. Gastrointestinal System 5.4. Hepatobiliary system 5.5. Nervous system 5.6. Endocrine and Metabolic System 5.7. Ophthalmic system 5.8. The Ear, Nose, and Throat 5.9. Reproductive system 10. Hematopoietic and Immune system
HAPTER 6: LONG COVID Asiya Kamber Zaidi, Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DEFINITION 3. MANIFESTATIONS OF LONG COVID 4. HYPOTHESES FOR LONG COVID PATHOGENESIS 4.1 Persistent viral reservoir/ Viral PAMPs 4.2 Immune dysregulation with or without reactivation of Herpesvirus/Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus (HHV-6) 4.3. Dysbiosis 4.4. Autoimmunity and molecular mimicry triggered by infection 4.5. Endothelial dysfunction and microvessel blood clotting 4.6. Brainstem and/or vagal dysfunctional signaling 5. RISK FACTORS FOR LONG COVID 6. LONG COVID IN CHILDREN 7. MAJOR FINDINGS OF LONG COVID 7.1 Immune dysregulation 7.2 Vessel and tissue damage 7.3 Neurological and cognitive pathology 7.4 Eye Symptoms 7.5 Endocrinal Issues in Long COVID 7.6 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 7.7 Reproductive system 7.8 Respiratory system 7.9 Gastrointestinal System 7.10 Chronology of symptoms 8. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES
CHAPTER 7: INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO SARS-COV-2 Sunny Dawoodi, Syed A.A Rizvi and Asiya Kamber Zaidi 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM BASICS 2.1. Overview of the innate immune system 2.2. Salient features of innate immunity 2.3. The innate immune response functions 3. INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SARS-COV-2 3.1. Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 3.1.1. Toll-like receptors 3.1.2. RIG-I-like receptors 3.1.3 NOD-like receptors 3.1.4 Other cytosolic sensors 3.2. Binding and entry 3.3. Activation of innate immune cells a. Neutrophils, b. Monocytes, c. Macrophages, d. Dendritic cells, e. NK cells, f. ILCs 3.4. Secretion of cytokines and chemokines a. Type I interferons, b. IL-6, c. IL-17, d. TNF-alpha 3.5. Concept of PANoptosis in SARS-CoV2 infection 4. INNATE IMMUNE EVASION STRATEGIES BY SARS-COV-2 5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8: B CELL RESPONSES TO SARS-COV-2 Asiya Kamber Zaidi, Sanchit Bajpai, Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki 1. INTRODUCTION 2. STRUCTURE OF SARS-COV-2 AND ITS IMPACT ON B CELL IMMUNITY 3. PRODUCTION AND MATURATION OF SARS-COV-2-SPECIFIC B CELLS 3.1 Phases of humoral immune response 3.1.1. The extrafollicular (EF) phase 3.1.2. The germinal center (GC) phase 4. THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN B CELLS, FOLLICULAR T HELPER CELLS, CD4+ T CELLS, AND PLASMA CELLS 5. CONCEPT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY: 5.1 Role of plasma cells and Bmem cells 5.2 Two main pathways have been proposed for antibody production: 5.2.1. Memory B-cell–dependent antibody production by short-lived plasma cells 5.2.2. memory B-cell–independent antibody production by long-lived plasma cells. 6. ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTION 7. TYPES OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFECTION 7.1. Neutralizing antibodies 7.1.1. RBD directed- neutralizing antibodies 7.1.2. NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies 7.2. Non-neutralizing antibodies 8. ROLE OF MUCOSAL ANTIBODIES 9. ROLE OF CROSS-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES 10. ROLE OF AUTO-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES 11. FACTORS AFFECTING THE DYNAMICS OF ANTI-SARS-COV-2 ANTIBODIES 12. THE OMICRON VARIANT AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES
CHAPTER 9: T CELL RESPONSES TO SARS-COV-2 Laiqha Khadri, Mohammad Hossein Ziraksaz, Author3, Author4 1. INTRODUCTION 2. T CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN COVID-19 3. KEY POINTS ON SPIKE PROTEIN IMMUNOLOGY 4. CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST SARS-COV-2 DURING ACUTE INFECTION 5. SPECIFICITY, PHENOTYPE, AND FUNCTION OF SARS-COV-2-SPECIFIC T CELL RESPONSES 6. T-CELL CROSS-RECOGNITION AGAINST OTHER HCoVS 7. MECHANISMS OF REGULATION BY SPIKE PROTEINS 7.1 Spike Proteins induce regulation through the innate immune system 7.2 Viral Spike Proteins trigger self-Spike Protein-cross-reactive regulatory T cells. 7.3 Regulation by Self-Spike Protein-crossreactive T cells. 7.4 Viral Spike Proteins are immunodominant 7.5 Lack of Spike Proteins Self-tolerance. 8. T-CELL RESPONSES TO SELF-SPIKE PROTEINS 9. SPIKE PROTEINS AS IMMUNOLOGICAL TARGETS IN DISEASE 10. CLINICAL TRIALS IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 11. CONCLUDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 10: FUTURE INSIGHTS Asiya Kamber Zaidi
- No. of pages: 485
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Volume: 202
- Published: January 1, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780443132841
- eBook ISBN: 9780443132858
AZ
Asiya Zaidi
Dr. Asiya Kamber Zaidi is a distinguished medical professional with a passion for research and a specialization in otolaryngology. She completed her medical school education in India in 2014 followed by a Masters in surgery in Otorhinolaryngology to study the disorders of the Ear, Nose, and Throat. Being a part of a medical specialty that was at the forefront of this pandemic, Dr Zaidi was driven by a deep sense of responsibility and a quest for knowledge, to dedicate herself in understanding the intricacies of COVID-19. Recognizing the urgent need for scientific exploration and dissemination of information, she eagerly accepted the role of editor for this volume. Dr. Zaidi has emerged as a leading voice in the global medical community. She has been awarded the prestigious Asia Pacific Surgical Otolaryngology Training (APOST) scholarship in 2019, which further honed her expertise in the field. Furthermore, she was granted the BACO ENT UK scholarship in 2022 and the TSESI and MEAOHNS scholarships in 2022. With a keen eye for detail and an understanding of the complexities surrounding COVID-19, her dedication to research and her remarkable contributions have not gone unnoticed. Like every researcher, Dr. Zaidi's belief in fostering collaborations and research initiatives aimed at unraveling the mysteries of medicine has transcended geographical boundaries and time zones. Scientific collaborations for science reflect her strong belief in the power of collective efforts and international cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by every medical emergency.
Affiliations and expertise
Research Fellow, ASSOCIAZIONE NASO SANORead Immunobiology of COVID-19 on ScienceDirect