Imaging of the Human Brain in Health and Disease

List of Contributors

Chapter One. Neuroimaging of Addiction

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Magnetic Resonance-Based Imaging Techniques

2.2 Nuclear Medicine Imaging Techniques

2.3 Clinical Applications of Imaging

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Two. Brain PET Imaging in the Cannabinoid System

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 First Attempts at Imaging CB₁R with PET: A Historical Perspective

2.2 The Currently Available PET Radioligands

2.3 Applications of Cannabinoid Imaging

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Three. Brain Imaging of Cannabinoid Receptors

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.2 ECS in Brain Pathology

2.1 Molecular Imaging of the ECS

2.2 Imaging of Cannabinoid Receptors

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Four. Human Brain Imaging of Opioid Receptors: Application to CNS Biomarker and Drug Development

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 CNS Opioid Receptors

2.2 OR-Radiolabeled Tracers

2.3 PET Imaging of µ-OR

2.4 PET Imaging of δ-OR and κ-OR

2.5 PET Imaging Studies of the µ-OR and Drug Use

2.6 Characterizing Actions of Putative OR-Acting Analgesics: Combined Molecular Imaging of Occupancy of µ-OR in Tandem with Reward-Related or Pain-Related Functional Brain Activation in Humans

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Five. Brain Imaging of Sigma Receptors

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Postmortem Studies

2.2 Radioligands for Imaging Sigma Receptors

2.3 Human Pet Imaging of the Sigma₁ Receptor

3 Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

Chapter Six. Human Brain Imaging of Acetylcholine Receptors

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Postmortem Studies

2.2 Radioligands for Imaging AChRs

2.3 Human SPECT/PET Imaging of mAChR

2.4 Human SPECT/PET imaging of mAChR in the Diseased Brain

2.5 Human SPECT/PET Imaging of α4β2 nAChR

2.6 Human SPECT/PET Imaging of α7 nAChR

3 Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

Chapter Seven. Human Brain Imaging of Adenosine Receptors

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Postmortem Studies

2.2 Imaging of A₁ and A_2A Receptors

2.3 Quantification of Adenosine Receptors

3 Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

Chapter Eight. Human Brain Imaging of Dopamine D₁ Receptors

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Affective and Cognitive Functions and D₁ Receptors in Humans

2.2 D₁ Receptor and Psychiatric Disorders

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Nine. Human Brain Imaging of Dopamine Transporters

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 In Vivo Imaging of the DAT - PART I

2.2 In Vivo Imaging of the DAT - PART II

2.3 In Vivo Imaging of the DAT - PART III

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Ten. Imaging of Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors and Transporters

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Parkinson’s Disease as a Model for Understanding Molecular Imaging

2.2 Tracers for the Assessment of Presynaptic Dopamine Function

2.3 Transporters

2.4 Tracers for the Assessment of Postsynaptic Dopamine Function

2.5 Other Tracers: Serotonergic Binding Ligands

2.6 Clinical Relevance

3. Conclusions

References

Chapter Eleven. Imaging the Dopamine D₃ Receptor In Vivo

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 PET imaging with [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO

2.2 D₃ Receptor Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Illness

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Twelve. Dopamine Receptors and Dopamine Release

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Dopamine D₁ Family Receptors

2.2 Clinical Studies of the Dopamine D₁ Receptor

2.3 DOPAMINE D₂ Family Receptors

2.4 Effects of Extracellular DA Levels on Dopamine D_2/3 Receptor Binding

2.5 Clinical Studies Using Dopamine D₂ Type Receptor Ligands

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Thirteen. Dopamine Receptor Imaging in Schizophrenia: Focus on Genetic Vulnerability

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Overview of Molecular Imaging Techniques

2.2 Dopamine D₂ Receptor Imaging in Schizophrenia

2.3 Dopamine D₁ Receptor Imaging in Schizophrenia

2.4 Summary: The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Vulnerability

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Fourteen. Human Brain Imaging in Tardive Dyskinesia

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Nuclear Medicine Modalities

2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2.3 Computed Tomography

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Fifteen. Human Brain Imaging of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

1.2 Cognitive Psychology

1.3 Neuropathology

1.4 Brain Imaging

2.1 Structural Human Brain Imaging of Autism Spectrum Disorders

2.2 Functional Human Brain Imaging of Autism Spectrum Disorders

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Sixteen. Radiotracers Used to Image the Brains of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Overview

2.2 Amyloid Plaques

2.3 Tau Imaging Agents

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Seventeen. Human Brain Imaging of Anger

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Angered: Neuroimaging of the Subjective Experience of Anger

2.2 Angry Faces, Bodies, and Voices: Neuroimaging of the Perception of Anger

2.3 From Anger to Aggression to Violence

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Eighteen. Imaging Pain in the Human Brain

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 Pain Processing in the Brain

2.2 The Descending Pain Modulatory Pathway

2.3 Psychological Modulation of Pain

2.4 Chronic Pain

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Nineteen. Imaging of Neurochemical Transmission in the Central Nervous System

Abstract

1 Introduction

2.1 Imaging of DA Transmission

2.2 Imaging of Serotonin Transmission

2.3 Imaging of Gamma-Aminobutyric acid Transmission

2.4 Imaging of Glutamate Transmission

2.5 Imaging of Opioid Transmission

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Twenty. Characterizing Recovery of the Human Brain following Stroke: Evidence from fMRI Studies

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2.1 fMRI and Stroke

3 Conclusions

References

Index