Igneous Petrology

PrefaceGlossaryChapter 1 - Mineralogy of Igneous Rocks 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Chemical Considerations 1.2.1. The Chemical Elements 1.2.2. Clarkes 1.2.3. Valency 1.3. Factors Governing Structures of Silicate Minerals 1.3.1. Relative Abundance of Oxygen to Cations in Igneous and Crustal Rocks 1.3.2. The Role of Oxygen in the Structure of Silicate Minerals 1.3.3. Ionic Radii 1.3.4. The Si04 Tetrahedron 1.3.5. Resultant Silicate Structures 1.4. Principles Governing Crystalline Solution 1.5. Nomenclature, Composition, and Paragenesis of Igneous Rock-Forming Minerals 1.6. Recognition of Minerals in Thin SectionChapter 2 - Volcanic Activity 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Volcanic Activity Described by Natural Groupings 2.2.1. Basalts 2.2.2. Andesites 2.2.3. Rhyolites 2.2.4. Kimberlites 2.3. Fragmental Volcanic Rocks 2.3.1. Autoclastic Rocks 2.3.2. Pyroclastic Rocks 2.3.3. Epiclastic RocksChapter 3 - Forms and Structures of Intrusive Rocks 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Basic Intrusions into Continental Crust 3.2.1. Dykes 3.2.3. Large Basic Intrusions 3.3. Ophiolite Association 3.4. Subvolcanic and Central Complexes 3.5. Deep-Seated Granitic Rocks 3.5.1. Introduction 3.5.2. Contrasted Approaches of Bowen and Read 3.5.3. Granitization Defined 3.5.4. Approach of Buddington 3.5.5. Katazonal Granitic Rocks 3.5.6. Mesozonal Granitic Rocks 3.5.7. Discussion 3.6. Features to Map and Sample in Intrusive RocksChapter 4 - Classification of Igneous Rocks 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Presentation of Compositional Data 4.2.1. Igneous Rock Analyses 4.2.2. Norms 4.2.3. Procedure for Calculating the CIPW Norm 4.3. Reflection of Chemistry in Mineralogy 4.3.1. Silica Content 4.3.2. Principle of Silica Saturation 4.3.3. Alumina Saturation 4.3.4. Colour Index 4.3.5. Feldspar Proportions 4.4. Classification 4.4.1. Occurrence and Grain Size 4.4.2. Rationale of Classification Adopted in this Chapter 4.4.3. Aphanitic Mafic Rocks 4.4.4. Aphanitic Intermediate and Acid Rocks 4.4.5. Cumulates 4.4.6. Other Plutonic Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks 4.4.7. Granitic Plutonic Rocks 4.4.8. Lamprophyres and Kimberlites 4.4.9. Carbonatites and Associated Rocks 4.4.10. Spilite and KeratophyreChapter 5 - Petrography of Igneous Rocks 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Procedure 5.3. A Working Vocabulary 5.3.1. Terms Used in Description of Igneous Processes 5.3.2. Terms Used to Describe Structural Features of Igneous Rocks 5.3.3. Terms Used to Describe Mineral Shapes 5.3.4. Terms Used for Overall Mineralogical Features 5.3.5. Terms of General Application Used to Describe Textures 5.3.6. Terms Used to Describe Specific Intergrain Textures 5.3.7. Terms Used to Describe Intragrain Textures Produced by ExsolutionChapter 6 - Physical Properties and Physical Chemistry of Magmas 6.1. Physical Properties of Magma 6.1.1. Temperature 6.1.2. Gas Content of Magmas 6.1.3. Viscosity 6.1.4. Density 6.2. Kinetics of Crystallization of Magma 6.2.1. Introduction 6.2.2. Effect of Kinetic Factors on Igneous Rock Textures 6.3. Studies in the Equilibrium Crystallization of Synthetic Melts and their Bearing on Magmatic Cooling History, Igneous Rock Compositions and Textures 6.3.1. Historical Review 6.3.2. Equilibrium and the Phase Rule 6.3.3. Melting Points of the Pure End-Members of Some Common Rock-Forming Mineral Species 6.3.4. The System Diopside—Anorthite, a Binary System with a Eutectic 6.3.5. The Plagioclase Solid-Solution Series 6.3.6. The Ternary System Diopside—Anorthite—Albite 6.3.7. Other Simple Systems Relevant to an Understanding of the Crystallization of Mafic Magmas 6.3.8. Effect of Pressure on Crystallization Temperatures 6.3.9. Experimental Systems Relating to Felsic Rock MeltsChapter 7 - Differentiation of Igneous Rocks 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Differentiation Processes within Liquid Magma 7.2.1. Diffusion and Gaseous Transfer Processes within Liquid Magma 7.2.2. Liquid Immiscibility 7.3. Hybridization 7.4. Assimilation 7.4.1. Principles 7.4.2. Limited Extent of Assimilation by Mafic Magmas at Upper Crustal Levels 7.4.3. Assimilation Phenomena Involving Granitic Rocks 7.5. Autometasomatism 7.6. Crystal Fractionation 7.6.1. Flow Differentiation 7.6.2. Congelation Crystallization 7.6.3. Gravitational Crystal Fractionation 7.6.4. Filter Differentiation 7.6.5. Autointrusion 7.6.6. Fractionation in Nuée Ardente EruptionsChapter 8 - Igneous Rock Series 8.1. Historical Review 8.2. Definition of Terms 8.3. Tholeiite and Alkali Basalt 8.4. Thermodynamic Basis of Classification Based on Silica Activity 8.5. Basis of Classification of Igneous Rock Series Followed in this Book 8.6. Useful Parameters, Indices and Variation Diagrams 8.7. Complications Affecting Simple Fractionation ModelsChapter 9 - Igneous Rocks of Oceanic Areas 9.1. Oceanic Crust 9.2. Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts (MORB) 9.3. Oceanic Island Tholeiites (OIT) 9.4. Alkali Basalt Series and Basanites 9.5. Highly Alkaline Rocks of Oceanic IslandsChapter 10 - Igneous Rocks of Continental Areas 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Kimberlites and Related Rocks 10.3. Carbonatites 10.4. Highly Potassium-Rich Series 10.4.1. Lamproites of Western Australia 10.4.2. Highly Alkaline Rocks of the Western East African Rift Valley 10.4.3. Other Examples of Highly Potassium-Rich Rocks 10.5. Various Alkaline Series as Exemplified by Igneous Activity in the Kenya Dome 10.6. Igneous Activity in the Afro-Arabian Dome Associated with Plate Separation 10.7. Continental Flood Basalts Mainly of Tholeiitic Composition 10.7.1. Columbia River Basalts 10.7.2. Keweenawan Lavas 10.7.3. Karroo Volcanic Cycle 10.7.4. Deccan Traps 10.7.5. Tasmanian and Ferrar Diabases 10.7.6. Blosseville Coast Basalts of East Greenland 10.8. Intrusive Rocks of Anorogenic Continental Terrain 10.8.1. The Oslo Region 10 8.2. The Younger Granites of Northern Nigeria 10.8.3. The White Mountain Plutonic Series of New Hampshire 10.8.4. The Tertiary Volcanic Province of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland 10.8.5. The Gardar Province 10.9. ConclusionsChapter 11 - Igneous Rocks Above Benioff Seismic Zones 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Variation Among Young SBZ Volcanic Rocks 11.2.1. The Scotia Arc: An Island-Arc Tholeiite Series 11.2.2. Fiji — A Product of Mature Island-Arc Igneous Activity Comprising Rocks of the Island-Arc Tholeiite, Calc-Alkaline, and Shoshonite Series 11.2.3. Comparison of Petrographical and Chemical Features of Rocks Belonging to the Island-Arc Tholeiite Series, Calc-Alkaline, and Shoshonite Series 11.2.4. Polarity in Areas of SBZ Igneous Activity 11.2.5. Review of Terminology of SBZ Igneous Rock Series 11.2.6. Back-Arc Spreading 11.2.7. The North Island of New Zealand — A Cautionary Tale 11.2.8. Basin and Range Province 11.2.9. Lateral Variation in SBZ Parental Magmas Including Alkali Basalt as Shown by Rocks of the Lesser Antilles 11.2.10. Volcanism of the Central Andes: Voluminous Andesite and Rhyolite with no Basic Rocks 11.3. Plutonic Rocks Apparently Formed During SBZ Eruptive Activity 11.3.1. The Low-Potassium Island-Arc Plutonic Complex of Tanzawa 11.3.2. Ultramafic Rocks of Alaskan Pipe Type 11.3.3. Coastal Batholith of Peru 11.3.4. Porphyry Coppers 11.3.5. Contrasting Styles of Batholith Emplacement and GenesisChapter 12 - Igneous Rocks of the Precambrian 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Extraterrestrial Igneous Rocks 12.2.1. Meteorites 12.2.2. The Moon 12.3. Astroblemes and Related Igneous Activity on the Earth 12.4. Archaean Igneous Rocks 12.4.1. Introduction 12.4.2. Oldest Crustal Rocks 12.4.3. Greenstone Belts 12.5. Igneous Activity in Proterozoic Time 12.5.1. Introduction 12.5.2. Early Mafic Intrusives 12.5.3. Proterozoic "Orogenic" Belts 12.5.4. Shear Belts, Some with Associated Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks 12.5.5. Anorthosites 12.5.6. Distinctive Acid Eruptive Rocks, Notably Rapakivi Granites 12.5.7. Massive Mafic Eruptions Possibly Constituting Proterozoic Ocean Crust 12.5.8. Proterozoic Belts with Possible Plate Boundary Features and Associated Igneous RocksChapter 13 - Petrogenesis of Igneous Rocks 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Composition of Upper Mantle 13.3. Experimental Work 13.3.1. Starting Material for Experimental Work at High Pressures 13.3.2. Results of Early Experimental Work 13.4. The Mantle—Magma System 13.4.1. Temperature Regime in the Mantle 13.4.2. Partial Melting in the Mantle 13.4.3. Upward Ascent of Magma 13.5. Trace Elements in Mafic Rocks 13.6. Status of Parental Magma in Petrogenetic Work 13.7. Conclusions 13.7.1. Tholeiites and Alkali Basalts 13.7.2. Komatiites and High-Magnesium Basalts 13.7.3. Basanites, Nephelinites, and Melilitites 13.7.4. Kimberlites 13.7.5. Andesites and Associated Rocks 13.7.6. Granitic RocksChapter 14 - Degradation of Igneous Rocks 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Spilite and Keratophyre 14.3. Metasomatism in Degraded Volcanic Rocks 14.4. Determination of Magmatic Affinity of Degraded Volcanic Rocks 14.4.1. Application of Conventional Criteria to the Analytical Data 14.4.2. Petrography 14.4.3. Plutonic Equivalents of Extrusive Rocks 14.4.4. Immobile Trace Elements 14.4.5. Relict Augite Phenocrysts 14.5. DiscussionEpilogueReferencesName IndexLocality IndexGeneral Index