Human Information Processing

PrefaceAcknowledgments1. Human Perception Preview Interpreting Sensory Messages Matching Templates Data-Driven and Conceptually Driven Processing Some Perceptual Phenomena Organizing Degraded Images Competing Organizations Organization without Meaning Making the Data Fit the Conceptualization The Importance of Rules Perception of Space The Importance of Context Feature Analysis Stopping the Image Aftereffects The Explanation of Aftereffects Orientation-Specific Color Adaptation Perception without Features Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings Perception Art2. The Visual System Preview Light Decibels The Optical Path The Pupil The Lens The Retina Chemical Responses to Light The Photochemical Reaction The Neuroanatomy of Vision The Retinal Network The Pathway to the Brain Sampling Visual Information Eye Movements The Localizing Channel Vision without a Visual Cortex Vision without a Superior Colliculus Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings3. The Dimensions of Vision Preview Sensory Experiences The Perception of Brightness Brightness Contrast Mach Bands Spatial Frequency Analysis The Measurement of Visual Sensitivity Equibrightness Contours Temporal Characteristics of Vision Integration Time When Flashing Lights Become Continuous Critical Flicker Colors The Color Circle Making Paints Mix as Lights Color Sensitivity of Cones Induced Contrast Opponent Process Color Theory Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings Color Vision Spatial Frequency Analysis4. The Auditory System Preview The Ear The Physics of Sound The Frequency of Sound The Intensity of Sound The Mechanics of the Ear The Inner Ear Movements of the Basilar Membrane The Hair Cells Electrical Responses to Sound Tuning Curves Temporal Coding in Neural Responses Coding of Intensity Information Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings5. The Dimensions of Sound Preview Sensory Experiences Loudness Equiloudness Contours Listening To Music Masking The Measurement Of Loudness Pitch The Musical Scale The Mel Scale Place Theory: Position on the Basilar Membrane Periodicity Pitch Masking the Missing Fundamental Evidence against the Periodicity Pitch Theory The Duplicity Theory of Pitch Perception The Critical Band Auditory Space Perception Localization Importance Of Binaural Listening The Precedence Effect Recordings Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings6. Neural Information Processing Preview Part I: Neural Processes The Eye of a Frog Physiological Procedures Basic Neural Circuits Lateral Inhibition Responding to Movement Part II: Brain Processes From the Eye to the Brain Extracting Features Acoustic Information Processing What Next? Conclusion Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings7. Pattern Recognition and Attention Preview Recognizing Patterns Pandemonium How to Build Pandemoniums Features for Recognizing Speech The Segmentation Problem Classifying Speech Sounds Feature Analysis is Not Sufficient A Matter of Context The Importance of Redundancy Data-Driven and Conceptually Driven Processing Specialist Demons The Blackboard and the Supervisor The Analysis of a Sentence On the Power and Weakness of the Specialist System The Phenomena of Attention Selecting Messages Processing the Rejected Message Specialist Demons and the Supervisor Conclusion Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings8. The Memory Systems Preview The Storage Systems Sensory Information Storage System Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Information Storage The Capacity of SIS Short-Term Memory Errors in Recall From Short-Term Memory Rehearsal Forgetting Attributes of Memory Selective Interference: A Useful Experimental Tool Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings9. Using Memory Preview From Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory Learning Lists Memory and Attention Memory without Attention Integrative Processes The Need for Organization Depth of Processing Strategies for Remembering Mnemonics The Study of Long-Term Memory Answering Questions Retrieving an Image Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings10. The Representation of Knowledge Preview Representing Information in Memory The Structure of Concepts Semantic Definitions Semantic Networks Sensory Images and Motor Control Images Primary and Secondary Concepts Remembering Events Episodic and Semantic Memory Using the Data Base Prototypes Mental Images An Experiment on Images A Final Comment Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings11. The Neural Basis of Memory Preview Storing Information Neural Circuits of Memory Disorders of Memory Electroconvulsive Shock Amnesias The Cases of H.M. and N.A. Other Studies of Amnesia Localization of Brain Function Specialization of the Two Hemispheres of the Brain Split Brains in Animals Hemispheric Specialization in Humans Two Brains: Fixed or Flexible Specialized Hemispheres—Specialized Thought Conclusion Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings General Memory Mechanisms Memory Deficits Hemispheric Specialization12. Language Preview Language and Communication Conversational Postulates Communicating Knowledge Structures The Rules of Language English Grammar The Problem of Reference The Power of Words Words and Morphemes Lexical Decomposition Psychological Mechanisms of Language Understanding Understanding Sentences A System for Understanding Language Demons Understanding a Particular Sentence Garden Path Sentences Summary Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings13. Learning and Cognitive Development Preview Cognitive Learning Laws of Learning Learned Helplessness Reinforcement as a Signal Learning and Awareness Cognitive Development Learning by Experimentation The Importance of Expectations Sensorimotor Learning Preoperational Thought Concrete Operations Formal Operations Thinking Learning a Language Learning the Vocabulary The Problem Faced by the Child Learning Words Overgeneralization and Overdiscrimination Learning to Speak Imitation Language as Communication Performance Limits Learning as Additions to Knowledge Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings General Issues in Learning Development First Language Learning Learning Complex Topics14. Problem Solving and Decision Making Preview The Anatomy of the Problem Protocols The Procotol From Donald + Gerald The Problem Behavior Graph Strategies of Problem Solving Searching for Solutions Selecting Operators Limitations of Protocol Analysis How Good is Human Problem Solving? Limits Imposed by Short-term Memory Overcoming the Limits Decision Making Determining Values The Psychological Value of Money The Value of Complex Alternatives What is Being Optimized? Risky Decision Making Utility in Risky Choices Probability Expected Value Subjective Probability Representativeness and Availability Conclusion Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings Problem Solving Decision Making15. The Mechanisms of Thought Preview Thinking Conscious and Subconscious Modes of Thought Subconscious Problem Solving Some Principles of Processing The Processor Memory The Trade-off Between Memory and Processing Day-Arithmetic Time Sharing and Multiple Processors Human Thought Mechanisms Dual Processing Units in the Human Meditation The Meddlesome Nature of S The Virtues of S States of Awareness The Analysis of Human Thought Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings16. Social Interactions Preview Prototypes and Schemas Social Stereotypes Being Sane in Insane Places Attribution Theory Attributing the Cause of Another's Behavior Attributing the Causes of Our Own Behavior Forming Impressions Information Integration Order Effects Patterns of Social Interaction Stereotyped Patterns of Interaction I'm Information Processing, You're Information Processing Scripts The Processes of Social Influence Bystander Behavior Bystander Apathy Conformity Compliance Interactive Decisions Bargaining The Bargaining Procedure The Process of Negotiation Summary Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested Readings17. Stress and Emotion Preview Stress How to Produce Stress Cognitive Causes of Stress Performance Under Stress Interpreting Emotional Arousal Emotions: One or Many? Interpreting Emotions Through Context A Model of Emotional Arousal Review of Terms and Concepts Suggested ReadingsAppendix A. Measuring Psychological Variables Scaling Scale Types Scaling Techniques Magnitude Estimation The Power Law "How Much" versus "What Kind" Interpretation of the Power Function Range of Applicability Cross-Modality Matching How to Scale Suggested ReadingsAppendix B. Operating Characteristics The Decision Problem The Dice Game The Criterion Rule Confidence Ratings The Normal Distribution Problems The Fire Sprinkler Problem Memory The Dice Game Revisited Suggested ReadingsBibliography Using Basic Reference Material Annual Reviews Psychological Abstracts The Science Citation Index The Journals General Readings ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index