HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
- 1st Edition - February 21, 2024
- Editors: Guoku Hu, Huangui Xiong, Shilpa Buch
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 7 4 4 - 7
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 7 4 5 - 4
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) presents a complex and evolving challenge in the context of HIV-1 infection and treatment. This comprehensive volume dives into the… Read more
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteHIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) presents a complex and evolving challenge in the context of HIV-1 infection and treatment. This comprehensive volume dives into the clinical manifestations, molecular and cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies underlying HAND and its associated comorbidities. This book brings together cutting-edge research and clinical insights, making it an essential resource for researchers, clinicians, and students engaged in HIV-related studies and neurocognitive research. This resource also aims to advance our understanding of HAND to contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for improved patient outcomes.
- Provides an in-depth exploration of the clinical manifestations of HAND and its comorbidities
- Includes detailed assessments of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HAND symptoms
- Examines animal models for studying HAND, including macaque and rodent models
- Presents insights into epigenetic regulation and signaling pathways implicated in HAND
- Covers prevention, therapeutic strategies, and diagnostic approaches
Neuroscientists, clinicians, neurologists, graduate students in these areas
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- The neuroHIV journey
- Preface
- Chapter 1. An overview of the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection, latency, pathogenesis, and eradication strategies from the CNS
- Introduction
- Main HIV-1 reservoirs
- HIV latency in the CNS
- HIV-1 reservoir and pathogenesis in the CNS
- Strategies to eradicate HIV-1 from the CNS reservoirs
- Future prospectives
- Conclusions
- Chapter 2. Central nervous system complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection
- Introduction
- HIV molecular biology
- HIV life cycle
- Antiretroviral therapy
- HIV immunopathogenesis
- HIV and CD4+ T cells
- End organ disease
- Nervous system comorbidities
- HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
- Adjunctive therapies for NeuroHIV
- Future prospective
- Conflict of interest statement
- Chapter 3. Health literacy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
- What is health literacy?
- Measurement of health literacy
- Health literacy in HIV disease
- HIV and the brain
- Health literacy and the brain
- HIV, health literacy, and neuropsychological functioning
- Chapter 4. Neuroimaging insights into the CNS effects of HIV infection
- Introduction
- Brain structure: white matter, basal ganglia, and cortical involvement
- Brain metabolites: support for neuronal damage and neuroinflammation
- Brain activity: altered function and connectivity at rest and during tasks
- Brain metabolism and microglial activation: evidence for neuroinflammation
- Considerations and future directions
- Chapter 5. Endolysosome iron: Early and upstream subcellular organellar events associated with HAND
- Introduction
- Iron and endolysosomes
- Iron and mitochondria
- Iron and endoplasmic reticulum
- Iron and nuclei
- Conclusions
- Author contributions statement
- Chapter 6. White matter loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in HAND
- Introduction
- The importance of the myelin membrane in nervous system function
- White matter dysfunction in HIV before and after antiretroviral therapy
- How does HIV cause cellular stress in oligodendrocytes?
- Models of HIV-HAND
- Effects of ARVs on oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination
- Conclusion
- Chapter 7. Pathogenesis of HIV-associated pain
- Neuropathology in pain circuits
- Etiological causes
- Potential pathogenic mechanisms
- Conclusion
- Chapter 8. Neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neuropathic pain
- Introduction
- Neuropathic pain processing
- HIV-associated sensory neuropathy
- HIV-associated pain models
- Factors contributing to multi-morbidity in HIV chronic pain
- Conclusion
- Chapter 9. Neuropathic pain in HIV and the role of the autophagy pathway
- Introduction—neuropathic pain
- Neuropathic pain and HIV
- Therapeutic treatments against neuropathic pain
- Autophagy and pain
- Autophagy and alleviation of neuropathic pain
- Autophagy, HIV-NP, and opioid abuse
- Conclusion
- Chapter 10. Host peripheral immune dynamics increase HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders incidence and progression
- Introduction to HAND pathogenesis
- Peripheral inflammation and HIV
- Barrier dysfunction during HIV
- Microbial translocation and HAND
- HIV and microbiome
- Microbiome and monocytes
- Monocytes and HAND
- Gut inflammation and CNS monocyte trafficking
- Peripheral inflammation and BBB permeability
- Neurogenesis and neurodegeneration
- Inflammation, neurogenesis, and HAND
- Conclusions
- Chapter 11. The role of immunometabolism in HIV-associated depression and cognitive impairment
- Introduction
- Immunometabolism in HIV-associated depression
- Pathways contributing to depression in PWH
- Inflammation in HIV-associated depression
- Factors associated with depression in PWH
- Immunometabolism in HAND
- Inflammation in HAND
- The role of immunity in HAND
- Immune activation and neuroinflammation in HAND
- Factors associated with HAND in PWH
- Summary
- Chapter 12. Role of extracellular viral regulatory proteins in neuropathogenesis
- Introduction
- Gp120
- Tat
- Vpr
- Nef
- Conclusions
- Chapter 13. Role of inflammasomes in HIV-1 and drug abuse-mediated neuroinflammation
- Introduction
- Inflammasomes
- Types of inflammasomes
- Neuroinflammation
- Neuroinflammation in HIV-1 infection and drug use disorders
- Role of inflammasomes in HIV infection and drug use disorders
- Role of microglia in inflammasome activation
- Role of astrocytes in inflammasome activation
- Role of neurons in inflammasome activation
- Roles of extracellular vesicles in inflammasome activation
- Targeting inflammasomes as therapeutics
- Pharmacological inhibition of inflammasome
- Indirect pharmacological inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling pathway
- Direct pharmacological inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling pathway
- Pharmacological inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling components
- Outstanding questions
- Conclusion and future perspectives
- Chapter 14. The contribution of myeloid cells to HIV neuropathogenesis
- Introduction
- Monocytes
- Macrophages/microglia
- Conclusion
- Gaps in knowledge and suggested future research
- Chapter 15. Immunophilin ligands modulate phagocytosis and viral replication in HIV-infected macrophages
- Immunophilin ligands and neuro-HIV
- IPLs impacting HIV replication, and the role of IL-6
- Structural and functional alterations in macrophages by HIV and IPLs
- Conclusion
- Chapter 16. Immunometabolic mechanisms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and traumatic brain injury: Commonalities and contrasts between chronic and acute neurodegenerative pathologies
- Introduction
- Metabolic signatures
- Brief intro to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
- Metabolic signature of HAND
- Metabolic signature of TBI
- Metabolic signatures conclusion and future directions
- Inflammatory gene expression and transcription factors
- Brain macrophages
- Astroglia
- Glia to glia and glia to neuron cross-talk
- Mitochondria in HAND and TBI
- Need for cutting-edge translational studies
- Potential therapeutic strategies targeting immunometabolism in HAND and TBI
- Conclusion
- Chapter 17. Endolysosome dysfunction in HAND
- Introduction
- Physiological importance of endolysosomes
- Endolysosomes and neuronal function
- Endolysosome dysfunction and neuronal injury in HAND
- Endolysosomes and immune responses
- Endolysosome dysfunction and neuroinflammation in HAND
- Conclusion and perspective
- Chapter 18. Evolving biomarkers for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)
- Introduction
- Definition of HAND
- Biomarkers of HAND
- Biomarker profiles using machine learning
- Chapter 19. Intracellular innate immunity against HIV-1 infection
- Host innate immunity against HIV-1 infection
- Intracellular innate immunity against HIV-1 in macrophages
- Roles of dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection
- Anti-HIV-1 activities by natural killer cells
- Anti-HIV-1 activities of nonimmune cells
- DNA sensor activation-mediated HIV-1 inhibition
- Conclusion
- Chapter 20. NeuroHIV and the glymphatic system
- Introduction
- NeuroHIV
- The glymphatic system
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms in aqp4
- Summary
- Chapter 21. The p75 neurotrophin receptor: Emerging role in the pathogenesis of mature synapses in human immunodeficiency virus–associated neurocognitive disorders
- Introduction
- The neurotrophins
- Neurotrophin receptor complex
- Activation of p75NTR and proapoptotic intracellular signaling
- Diverse roles for p75NTR at the synapse
- HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder and p75NTR
- Small molecules
- Concluding remarks
- Chapter 22. The role of HIV-associated neuroendocrine dysfunction in HAND
- Introduction
- Systemic endocrine dysfunction in the pre-ART era
- The rise of neuroendocrine dysfunction in the post-ART era
- HIV-mediated dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- HIV-mediated dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
- Reciprocal effects of steroid hormones on HIV
- Conclusion
- Chapter 23. Impact of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 on HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders
- Introduction
- Comparisons between HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2
- HIV-1 in the CNS
- SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS
- SARS-CoV-2 infection-mediated impacts on PLWH
- Mechanisms involved in the impact of COVID-19 on PLWH
- Challenges in the HIV-1-AIDS/SARS-CoV-2-COVID-19 syndemic
- Chapter 24. Molecular mechanisms of dopaminergic transmission in NeuroHIV
- Introduction
- Dysregulation of dopaminergic transmission in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
- HIV-1 viral proteins target monoamine transporters
- HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with DAT allosterically
- HIV-1 vulnerability to substance abuse
- Conclusion
- Chapter 25. The effect of substance misuse on HIV persistence in the CNS: Epidemiological, immunological, and molecular considerations
- Introduction
- Common factors affecting the reservoir
- The role of stigma in substance misuse and HIV
- Epidemiology of substance misuse in HIV patients
- Effect of substances of misuse on HIV CNS immunopathology
- Molecular effects of substance misuse on HIV transcription and replication
- Caveats
- Overall conclusions
- Chapter 26. Extracellular vesicles in alcohol and tobacco-induced NeuroAIDS
- General background
- Extracellular vesicles/exosomes
- EVs in the pathogenesis of HIV and drugs abuse
- EVs in biomarker discovery
- EVs in drug delivery
- Chapter 27. NeuroHIV in the context of opioid use disorder: a complex and evolving relationship
- The opioid crisis
- Neuropathology of opioid use in people with HIV
- HIV and opioids and blood–brain barrier
- Antiretroviral delivery to the brain
- Adherence differences in setting of opioid use
- Conclusions and future directions
- Chapter 28. Impairment of cholesterol homeostasis induced by Nef-containing extracellular vesicles as a factor in HAND pathogenesis
- Introduction
- Nef impairs cholesterol homeostasis
- Current explanations of HAND pathogenesis
- Cholesterol homeostasis and CNS disease
- Cholesterol-targeting therapeutic approaches for HAND
- Conclusions
- Chapter 29. Long noncoding RNAs in immune response, viral infection, and opioid use
- Introduction
- lncRNAs and immune responses
- lncRNAs and HIV infection
- lncRNAs and other viral infections
- LncRNAs and antiretroviral therapy
- LncRNAs and drug abuse
- Conclusions and perspectives
- Chapter 30. Using cross-species behavioral tools to determine mechanisms contributing to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder and comorbid substance use
- What is HAND?
- Difficulties related to HAND diagnosis and treatment
- Using a RDoC approach toward better characterizing HAND toward tighter neural substrates
- Rodent models of HIV and assessment for HAND
- Additional impact of substance use in HAND
- Cognitive performance of rodent models of HIV after SU treatment
- Discussion
- Promise for precision medicine and individualized treatment
- Limitations
- Conclusions and suggestions for testing in the future
- Chapter 31. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders
- Introduction
- Therapeutics strategy against HAND
- Curcumin as a potential therapeutic agent against HAND
- Obstacles and prospects
- Summary
- Chapter 32. Targeting the endocannabinoid system in HAND
- Background
- The endocannabinoid system
- HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
- Clinical and preclinical evidence of therapeutic properties of cannabinoids in HAND
- Conclusion and future directions
- Chapter 33. Predicting the effectiveness of combination treatment of dolutegravir and fluoxetine for depressive disorders in HIV
- Introduction
- Computational-based method for predicting drug–drug interactions
- HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment
- Conclusions
- Chapter 34. Antiretroviral therapy and its cerebral vascular toxicity
- Introduction
- The BBB and HIV infection
- ART-associated toxicity
- ART and BBB dysfunction
- Future directions
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Chapter 35. Strategies for HIV-1 elimination
- Introduction
- Concluding remarks
- Index
- No. of pages: 652
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: February 21, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323997447
- eBook ISBN: 9780323997454
GH
Guoku Hu
Dr. Hu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience at University of Nebraska Medical Center. His work is focused on mRNA biology, with the ultimate goal of elucidating their functional aspects in drug addiction, and also to identify novel therapeutic strategies that could enhance neuronal function and survival in patients afflicted with these disorders.
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USAHX
Huangui Xiong
Dr. Xiong is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience at University of Nebraska Medical Center and leader of the University of Nebraska Medical Center Neurophysiology Laboratory in the Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders. He is a neuroelectrophysiologist working in the field of NeuroAIDS (the neurological complications of AIDS), which include neurocognitive impairment and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Current research in his laboratory studies molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated cellular and synaptic dysfunction and injury, with the ultimate goal of identifying potential target(s) for the development of therapeutic strategies. Dr. Xiong is the author of Current Laboratory Methods in Neuroscience Research (Springer) and has additionally authored many book chapters.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USASB
Shilpa Buch
Dr. Buch is a Professor and Executive Vice-Chair of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience at University of Nebraska Medical Center. Her research focuses on understanding the neuropathogenesis of HIV/SIV infection using cell culture, rodents and macaques as model systems. She is the director of the Nebraska Center for Substance Abuse Research, the mission of which is to promote and enhance drug abuse research and mentor trainees in this area. Dr. Buch is a Member of the European Academy of Sciences, and a Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor and Senior Executive Vice-Chair, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Director – Nebraska Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USARead HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders on ScienceDirect