HIV-1: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis: Viral Mechanisms

HIV-1 RNA Packaging

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III The Packaging Pathway
• IV RNA/Protein Recognition for Encapsidation: Molecular and Structural Biology
• V Conclusions

Structure and Function of the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein as Entry Mediator, Vaccine Immunogen, and Target for Inhibitors

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III Structure of the Env (gp120–gp41)
• IV Env Interactions with CD4 and Coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) Leading to Membrane Fusion
• V Env Interactions with Antibodies
• VI The Env as Vaccine Immunogen and Target for Inhibitors
• VII Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

HIV-1 Reverse Transcription: Close Encounters Between the Viral Genome and a Cellular tRNA

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III Reverse Transcription
• IV Specificity of tRNA Primer Usage
• V Identification of the PAS Motif
• VI Proposed Mechanism of Primer Activation
• VII HIV-1 Replication with a Nonself tRNA Primer Confirms the Importance of the PAS Motif
• VIII Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Transcription of HIV: Tat and Cellular Chromatin

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III Integrated HIV-1 LTR and Cellular Chromatin
• IV The HIV-1 Tat Protein and Its Modifications
• V Tat-Mediated Transactivation
• V Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Posttranscriptional Control of HIV-1 and Other Retroviruses and Its Practical Applications

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III HIV-1 Regulation of Gene Expression
• IV Rev and Its Export Receptor CRM1
• V Posttranscriptional Regulation of Other Complex Retroviruses
• VI HIV-1 mRNAs Use Multiple Mechanisms to Express Many Proteins from One Transcript
• VII Rev-Dependence of HIV-1 mRNAs
• VIII Use of RNA Optimization to Achieve High Level of HIV-1 gag/pol and env Expression Plasmids
• IX Posttranscriptional Control of Simple Retroviruses
• X NXF1
• XI Cellular CTEs
• XII Posttranscriptional Control of LTR-Retroelements
• XIII Comparison of RNA Export Systems
• XIV Replacement of Rev Regulation Leads to SIV Attenuation
• XV Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

HIV Accessory Genes Vif and Vpu

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Vif: A Potent Regulator of Viral Infectivity
• III The HIV-1-Specific Vpu Protein

Interactions of HIV-1 Viral Protein R with Host Cell Proteins

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III Effects of HIV-1 Vpr on Host Cellular Activities
• IV Activation and Counteraction of Host Immune Responses by Vpr
• V Development of Anti-Vpr Therapies
• Acknowledgment

HIV-1 Protease: Structure, Dynamics, and Inhibition

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III Mature Protease: Structure, Dynamics, and Relationship to Function
• IV Active Site Inhibitors and Drug Resistance
• V Dissociation of the Mature Protease Dimer and Characterization of the Monomeric Structure
• VI Insights into the Structure of the Protease Precursor and Its Maturation
• Acknowledgments

Properties, Functions, and Drug Targeting of the Multifunctional Nucleocapsid Protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II The NC Protein: The Story So Far
• III The Structure of HIV-1 NC
• IV The Network of NC Functions
• V The Role of NC in HIV-1 Assembly
• VI The Role of NC in HIV-1 Variability and Fitness
• VII Anti-NC Drug Screening
• VIII Conclusions and Future Prospects
• Acknowledgments

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Release, and Maturation

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Overview of HIV-1 Assembly, Release, and Maturation
• III Multimerization of Gag to Form the Structural Framework of the Immature Virus Particle
• IV Encapsidation of the Viral RNA Genome
• V Trafficking Virion Components to the Site of Assembly
• VI Acquisition of a Lipid Bilayer and Associated Env Glycoproteins
• VII Virus Particle Release
• VIII Generating a Mature Infectious Virion
• IX HIV Assembly and Maturation as Targets for New Antiretroviral Drugs
• Acknowledgments

Role of Nef in HIV-1 Replication and Pathogenesis

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III Nef and HIV-1 Infection of PBMCs
• IV Nef Studies in Human Thymic Systems
• V Mechanism of Nef Enhancement of Replication and Pathogenesis
• VI Conclusions

Treatment Implications of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III What is the Latent Reservoir?
• IV Resistance: Mechanism of Storage in the Latent Reservoir and Its Clinical Implications
• V Genotypic and Phenotypic Assays: Treatment Implications of the Latent Reservoir
• VI Drug Development: Taking the Latent Reservoir into Account
• VII Conclusions

RNA Interference and HIV-1

• Publisher Summary
• I Chapter Overview
• II Introduction
• III siRNA as Anti-HIV Therapy
• IV HIV-1 Remodels Cellular miRNA Expression in Infected Cells
• V Does HIV-1 Encode miRNAs?
• VI Future Perspectives
• Acknowledgment