Himalayan Fruits and Berries

Bioactive Compounds, Uses and Nutraceutical Potential

1st Edition - November 11, 2022
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Tarun Belwal, Indra D. Bhatt, Hari Prasad Devkota
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 5 9 1 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 5 9 2 - 1

Himalayan Fruits and Berries: Bioactive Compounds, Uses and Nutraceutical Potential presents nutraceutical fruits and berries from the Himalayan region and highlights their po… Read more

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Himalayan Fruits and Berries: Bioactive Compounds, Uses and Nutraceutical Potential presents nutraceutical fruits and berries from the Himalayan region and highlights their potential use in nutraceutical products.

Beginning with the introduction of the Himalayan region and its wild fruits, this book explores various kinds of wild fruits and berries. It includes coverage of traditional, ethnomedicinal, and local uses of potential nutraceutical fruits and analyzes their distribution, availability, and cultivation methods. The book also provides a detailed summary of clinical studies and presents "from field to industry" case studies.

Wild fruits and berries play an important role in mitigating hunger in the developing world, and these fruits are consumed either in whole or extracted for use in nutraceutical production.

Nutrition researchers, food scientists, food chemists, plant scientists, pharmacologists, as well as students or researchers working in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries exploring the use of Himalayan wild berries and fruits as new components and sources in nutraceuticals will benefit from this book.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Himalayan region and wild edible diversity
1.1 General introduction
1.2 Subdivision of Himalaya
1.3 Climate
1.4 Biodiversity
1.5 Biodiversity hotspots
1.6 Wild edible fruits and Berries
1.7 Research gaps
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
2.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
2.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
2.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
2.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
2.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
2.8 Clinical studies
2.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
2.10 Toxicological studies
2.11 From field to industry: case studies
2.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 3 Artocarpus lacucha Buch. -Ham
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
3.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods (including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods)
3.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
3.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
3.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
3.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
3.8 Clinical studies
3.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
3.10 Toxicological studies
3.11 From field to industry: case studies
3.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 4 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
4.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
4.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
4.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
4.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
4.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
4.8 Clinical studies
4.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
4.10 Toxicological studies
4.11 From field to industry: case studies
4.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 5 Bischofia javanica Blume
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses
5.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
5.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
5.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
5.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
5.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
5.8 Clinical studies
5.9 Available formulations, administration methods and pharmacokinetic studies
5.10 Toxicological studies
5.11 From field to industry: case studies
5.12 Challenges and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Carissa carandas L.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Traditional/ ethnomedicinal/ local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
6.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
6.4 Propagation
6.5 Bioactive/neutraceutical and nutritional composition
6.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
6.7 Toxicological studies
6.8 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 7 Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspects, and market value
7.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
7.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
7.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
7.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
7.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
7.8 Clinical studies
7.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
7.10 Toxicological studies
7.11 From field to industry: case studies
7.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 8 Citrus medica L.
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
8.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
8.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
8.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
8.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
8.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
8.8 Clinical studies
8.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
8.10 Toxicological studies
8.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 9 Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand.
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local Uses
9.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
9.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
9.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
9.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
9.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
9.8 Clinical studies
9.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
9.10 Toxicological studies
9.11 From field to industry: case studies
9.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 10 Cydonia oblonga Mill
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses
10.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
10.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
10.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
10.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
10.7 Nutritional and pharmacological activities
10.8 Clinical studies
10.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
10.10 Toxicological studies
10.11 From field to industry: case studies
10.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 11 Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn.
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Origin and geographical distribution
11.3 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socioeconomic aspect, and the market value
11.4 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
11.5 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
11.6 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors on nutritional aspects
11.7 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
11.8 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
11.9 Clinical studies
11.10 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
11.11 Toxicological studies
11.12 From field to industry
11.13 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 12 Dillenia indica L
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Taxonomy and morphology
12.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
12.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition (classification and structures of few representatives)
12.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
12.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
12.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
12.8 Clinical studies
12.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
12.10 Toxicological studies
12.11 From field to industry: case studies
12.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 13 Diospyros spp. (Diospyros kaki L.f., Diospyros lotus L., Diospyros tomentosa Roxb.)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
13.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
13.4 Bioactive nutraceuticals and nutritional/chemical composition
13.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stage on nutritional attributes
13.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
13.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
13.8 Clinical studies
13.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
13.10 Toxicological studies
13.11 From field to industry: case studies
13.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 14 Diploknema butyracea (Roxburgh) H. J. Lam
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
14.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
14.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
14.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
14.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
14.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
14.8 Clinical studies
14.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
14.10 Toxicological studies
14.11 From field to industry: case studies
14.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 15 Elaeagnus spp. (Elaeagnus latifolia L., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
15.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
15.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
15.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
15.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
15.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
15.8 Clinical studies
15.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
15.10 Toxicological studies
15.11 From field to industry: case studies
15.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 16 Entada phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr.
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal uses, socio-economic aspect, local uses, and market value
16.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
16.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
16.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
16.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
16.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
16.8 Clinical studies
16.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
16.10 Toxicological studies
16.11 From field to industry
16.12 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 17 Eriolobus indica (Wall.) Decne
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
17.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
17.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
17.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
17.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
17.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
17.8 Clinical studies
17.9 Available formulations, administration methods and pharmacokinetic studies
17.10 Toxicological studies
17.11 From field to industry: case studies
17.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 18 Ficus species (Ficus auriculata Lour., Ficus benghalensis L., Ficus carica L., Ficus religiosa L., Ficus semicordata Buch.Ham. ex Sm).
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Socio-economic, cultural, and market values
18.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation
18.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
18.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
18.6 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
18.7 Clinical studies
18.8 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
18.9 Toxicological studies
18.10 From field to industry
18.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 19 Fragaria spp. (Fragaria indica, Fragaria nubicola)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
19.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
19.4 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stage on nutritional attributes
19.5 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
19.6 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
19.7 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
19.8 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 20 Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Local, traditional, ethnomedicinal uses, socioeconomic aspects, and market value
20.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
20.4 Bioactive/neutraceutical, and nutritional composition
20.5 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
20.6 Nutritional pharmacological activities
20.7 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 21 Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Grewia sps (Grewia asiatica and Grewia serrulata)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Traditional uses, socioeconomic aspect and market value
21.3 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
21.4 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
21.5 Toxicological studies
21.6 Challenges and future recommendations
Conflict of interest statement
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 Gynocordia odorata R. Br.
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspects, and market value
22.3 Pharmacological studies
22.4 Clinical studies
22.5 Toxicological studies
22.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Lycium spp. (Lycium barbarum L., Lycium chinense Mill.)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
23.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
23.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
23.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
23.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
23.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
23.6 Clinical studies
23.7 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
23.8 Toxicological studies
23.9 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 24 Machilus edulis: An underutilized wild edible fruit species of North-eastern Himalaya, India
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
24.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods (including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods)
24.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
24.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
24.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes (drying, extraction, storage, packaging, how the nutritional composition changes from fresh to processed products)
24.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities (all major therapeutic activity with in vitro and in vivo studies, mechanism of action)
24.8 Clinical studies (ongoing, proposed, and completed studies)
24.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies (with special focus on bioavailability and metabolism of active constituents)
24.10 Toxicological studies (dose and safety profile, acute, chronic, and mutagenicity studies to demonstrate broad spectrum safety, GARS status)
24.11 From field to industry: case studies (used as a raw product (fresh/dry berries/fruits), industrial products extract/powder (pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals) utilizing these natural berries/fruits, functional foods, types of product, market consumption and value, uses)
24.12 Challenges and future recommendations (on legislation, biodiversity act, conservation status (IUCN/CITES), nutraceutical research, availability of raw material, biodiversity loss, sustainable utilization, supply chain, climate change, value addition, future products)
References
Chapter 25 Mahonia species (M. jaunsarensis Ahrendt, M. nepalensis DC, M. aquifolium Nutt, M. acanthifolia Don, M. borealis Takeda, M. oiwakensis Hayata and M. leschenaultii Takeda)
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods (including vegetative, seed, and in vitro propagation methods)
25.3 Propagation studies
25.4 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
25.5 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
25.6 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stage on nutritional attributes
25.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
25.8 Clinical studies
25.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
25.10 Toxicological studies
25.11 From field to industry: case studies
25.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 26 Morus alba L.
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Plant description
26.3 Distribution
26.4 Cultivation
26.5 Traditional uses
26.6 Phytoconstituents
26.7 Phytoconstituents present in roots bark
26.8 Phytoconstituents present in leaves
26.9 Phytochemicals present in mulberry fruit
26.10 Pharmacological activities of M. alba
26.11 Clinical studies
26.12 Toxicological studies
26.13 From field to industry
26.14 Future challenges and recommendations
References
Chapter 27 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
27.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
27.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
27.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
27.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
27.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
27.8 Clinical studies
27.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
27.10 Toxicological studies
27.11 From field to industry: case studies
27.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 28 Myrica esculenta
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
28.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
28.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition (classification and structures of few representatives)
28.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors on nutritional attributes
28.6 Pharmacological activities
28.7 Toxicological activities
28.8 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
28.9 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 29 Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
29.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
29.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
29.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
29.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
29.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
29.8 Clinical studies
29.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
29.10 Toxicological studies
29.11 From field to industry: case studies
29.12 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 30 Phoenix spp. (Phoenix acaulis, Phoenix sylvestris)
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
30.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
30.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
30.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
30.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
30.7 Processing of sap
30.8 Nutritional/pharmacological activities (all major therapeutic activity -in vitro and in vivo studies, mechanism of action)
30.9 Clinical studies
30.10 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
30.11 Shatavaryadi Choorna–dried herbal powder used for rejuvenation and to relive stress and tiredness
30.12 From field to industry: case studies
30.13 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 31 Pyracantha crenulata (Roxb. ex D.Don) M.Roem
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
31.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
31.4 Nutraceutical and nutritional composition
31.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
31.6 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
31.8 Clinical studies
31.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
31.10 Toxicological studies
31.11 From field to industry: case studies
31.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Further reading
Chapter 32 Pyrus spp. (Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f) Nakai)
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
32.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
32.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
32.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attribute
32.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
32.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
32.8 Antioxidant activities
32.9 Anti-inflammatory activity
32.10 Cytotoxic activity
32.11 Antimicrobial activity
32.12 Clinical studies
32.13 Toxicological studies
32.14 From field to industry: case studies
32.15 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 33 Rhus chinensis Mill.
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
33.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
33.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
33.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
33.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
33.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
33.8 Clinical studies
33.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
33.10 Toxicological studies
33.11 From field to industry: case studies
33.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 34 Ribes nigrum
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Production of blackcurrants
34.3 Bioactive nutraceutical composition
34.4 Effect of environmental, edaphic factors, and ripening stages on nutritional contents
34.5 Pharmacological properties of blackcurrants
34.6 Pharmacokinetic studies of blackcurrants active constitutes
34.7 Available food processing techniques
34.8 Case studies of blackcurrant-based formulations: from field to industry
34.9 Future recommendation and challenges
References
Chapter 35 Rosa spp. (Rosa canina L., R. macrophylla Lindl., R. moschata Herrm., R. multiflora Thunb.)
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
35.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
35.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
35.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
35.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
35.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
35.8 Clinical studies
35.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
35.10 Toxicological studies
35.11 From field to industry
35.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 36 Rubus spp. (Rubus armeniacus, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus nepalensis, Rubus niveus, Rubus occidentalis)
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Traditional/ethnobotanical uses
36.3 Distribution and availability
36.4 Bioactive/ nutraceutical and nutritional composition
36.5 Effect of ripening stages on nutritional attributes
36.6 Pharmacological activities
36.7 From field to Industry
36.8 Challenges and future recommendation
References
Chapter 37 Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz.
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspects, and market value
37.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
37.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
37.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
37.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
37.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
37.8 Clinical studies
37.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
37.10 Toxicological studies
37.11 From field to industry: case studies
37.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 38 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
38.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
38.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional compositions
38.5 Effects of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
38.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
38.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
38.8 Clinical studies
38.9 Available formulations, administration, and pharmacokinetic studies
38.10 Toxicological studies
38.11 From field to industry: case studies
38.12 Challenges and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 39 Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilg.
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socioeconomic aspect, and the Market value
39.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
39.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
39.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
39.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
39.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
39.8 Clinical studies
39.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
39.10 Toxicological studies
39.11 From field to industry: case studies
39.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 40 Terminalia chebula Retz.
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
40.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
40.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
40.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
40.6 Pharmacological activities
40.7 Mechanism of action
40.8 Clinical studies
40.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
40.10 Toxicological studies
40.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 41 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspects, and market value
41.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
41.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
41.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
41.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
41.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
41.8 Clinical studies
41.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
41.10 Toxicological studies
41.11 From field to industry: case studies
41.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 42 Viburnum spp. (Viburnum erubescens Wall., Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
42.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
42.4 Bioactive constituents/nutraceutical values
42.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
42.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
42.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
42.8 Clinical studies
42.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
42.10 Toxicological studies
42.11 From field to industry: case studies
42.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 43 Vitis spp. (Vitis elongata (Roxb.) Wall. ex M.A. Lawson, Vitis flexuosa Thunb, Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult, Vitis himalayana [Royle] Brandis, Vitis repanda (Vahl) Wight & Arn, Vitis vinifera L.)
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Traditional and ethnomedicinal, socio-economic aspect, and the market value
43.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
43.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
43.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on Nutritional attributes
43.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
43.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
43.8 Clinical studies
43.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
43.10 Toxicological study
43.11 From field to industry
43.12 Challenges and future recommendations
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 44 Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economic aspect, and market value
44.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
44.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
44.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
44.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
44.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
44.8 Clinical studies
44.9 Available formulations, administration methods, and pharmacokinetic studies
44.10 Toxicological studies
44.11 From field to industry: case studies
44.12 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 45 Ziziphus spp. (Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Traditional/ethnomedicinal/local uses, socio-economical aspect, and market value
45.3 Distribution, availability, and cultivation methods
45.4 Bioactive/nutraceutical and nutritional composition
45.5 Effect of environmental and edaphic factors and ripening stages on nutritional attributes
45.6 Available food processing techniques and their effect on nutritional attributes
45.7 Nutritional/pharmacological activities
45.8 Clinical studies
45.9 Toxicological studies
45.10 From field to industry: a case study
45.11 Challenges and future recommendations
References
Chapter 46 Nutraceuticals from Himalayan fruits and berries: opportunities and challenges
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Diversity of wild fruits in the Himalayan region
46.3 Traditional uses of Himalayan fruits and berries
46.4 Scientific studies on wild fruits and berries from Himalayas
46.5 Status and challenges of processing wild fruits and berries
46.6 Conclusions
References
Index

Tarun Belwal

Tarun Belwal, MTech., PhD in plant biotechnology has over 10 years of experience in nutraceuticals, food science, bioprocessing, and phytopharmacology. After completing his PhD degree in biotechnology from Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India, in collaboration with G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE), Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, he worked at the College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China, and in the Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy. He has extensively worked in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) mainly on wild berries and fruits, biodiversity conservation, and its sustainable use. He was awarded by the “Governor’s Award for Best Research” 2016 and 2017 by the Government of Uttarakhand, India, for his work on wild berries. He has been served as guest editor in various leading food journals, namely few as Food Chemistry, Food and Chemical toxicology, Phytomedicine, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Foods, and Frontiers in Nutrition. He has published over 100 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited 1 book. He is currently engaged in the development and promotion of safer and greener postharvest food bioprocess techniques, food waste utilization, and food functionality.

Affiliations and expertise

Researcher, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China

Indra D. Bhatt

Indra D. Bhatt, MSc, PhD in plant science has over 20 years of research experience in a different position and currently holding Scientist F and Head Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management at GBPNIHE, Almora. He has wide experience of working with multidisciplinary, multinational teams of scientists, and currently working as lead author for Cross Chapter paper on "Mountain" and Chapter 5—"Food, fiber, and ecosystem products," IPCC Working Group II—Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. He is a member of Commission of Ecosystem Management of IUCN and was elected “Sectional President” of Environmental Science Section of the 106th Indian Science Congress 2019. He has published over 160 publications in peer-reviewed journals and as book chapters. His work is largely focused on the conservation and sustainable use of Himalayan biodiversity.

Affiliations and expertise

G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, India

Hari Prasad Devkota

Hari Prasad Devkota completed PhD in pharmaceutical sciences from Kumamoto University, Japan, in 2013. Since 2014, he is working as an assistant professor at Kumamoto University. His main research interests are human wellness, plant-based bioactive natural products, functional foods, and ethnopharmacology. Till now, he has authored more than 150 publications including original research articles, review articles, books, and book chapters. He is actively involved in the research on medicinal plants from various countries for their ethnopharmacological surveys, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities.

Affiliations and expertise

School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Himalayan Fruits and Berries

Bioactive Compounds, Uses and Nutraceutical Potential

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