Healthgrain Methods

Analysis of Bioactive Components in Small Grain Cereals

1st Edition - January 1, 2010

Author: Peter Shrewry

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 0 4 5 3 - 8

The explosion of interest around the health benefits of whole grains has led to a new focus on the bioactive components of cereals, including their location and physiological… Read more

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The explosion of interest around the health benefits of whole grains has led to a new focus on the bioactive components of cereals, including their location and physiological effects. Grains are an important source of minerals (notably selenium, iron and zinc) and vitamins, such as folate. These nutrients are often degraded or removed by the milling or polishing of the grain to provide refined products. Measurements of these components require methodologies for analysis that must be accurate and reproducible and that provide adequate samples to allow wide screening.

The work of the 47 prominent international food scientists presented in this comprehensive volume is the direct result of the European Union’s Framework 6 HEALTHGRAIN program which focuses on the role of wholegrain cereals in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. The development of routine analytical methods for this group of essential phytochemical and dietary fiber components will help food companies improve the health benefits of their products as well as their abilities to measure the bioactive ingredients in cereal-based foods.

PREFACE
Chapter 1: CEREAL FOODS IN DIET AND HEALTH
- INTRODUCTION
- NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF CEREAL FOODS
- CEREAL FOODS AND HEALTH
- FUTURE CHALLENGES
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 2: STEROLS
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES
- REAGENTS
- PROCEDURE
- EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
- TIPS AND MODIFICATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 3: TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF TOCOL ANALYSIS
- REAGENTS
- APPARATUS
- PROCEDURE
- HPLC ANALYSIS
- EXAMPLES OF TOCOL ANALYSIS OF GRAINS
- TIPS AND METHOD MODIFICATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 4: ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINATION OF ALK(EN)YLRESORCINOLS IN CEREALS AND CEREAL PRODUCTS
- INTRODUCTION
- ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
- SAMPLE EXTRACTION
- PROCESSED SAMPLES
- ANALYSIS
- GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
- GC-FID
- COLORIMETRIC METHOD
- EVALUATION OF METHODS
- CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 5: PHENOLIC ACIDS
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF PHENOLIC ACID ANALYSIS
- REAGENTS
- APPARATUS
- PROCEDURE
- HPLC ANALYSIS
- QUANTITATION OF ANALYTES AND CONSTRUCTION OF CALIBRATION CURVES
- EXPECTED RESULTS
- TIPS AND METHOD MODIFICATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 6: LIGNAN ANALYSIS OF CEREAL SAMPLES BY GC/MS
- INTRODUCTION
- LIGNAN ANALYSIS OF CEREAL SAMPLES
- STANDARDS AND REAGENTS
- SAMPLE PREPARATION
- GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY
- RESULTS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 7: TOTAL FOLATE
- INTRODUCTION
- FOLATE ANALYSIS
- PRINCIPLES
- CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS
- APPARATUS
- PROCEDURE
- EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
- TIPS AND MODIFICATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 8: CAROTENOIDS
- INTRODUCTION
- SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
- EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOIDS
- UV/VIS SPECTROMETRY
- CHROMATOGRAPHY
- MASS SPECTROMETRY
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 9: METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SELENIUM AND OTHER MINERALS
- INTRODUCTION
- SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR TOTAL SE ANALYSIS: DISSOLUTION OF PLANT MATERIAL BY WET DIGESTION
- OPEN-VESSEL HEATING-BLOCK DIGESTIONS
- MICROWAVE DIGESTION
- SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR SE SPECIATION: ENZYME EXTRACTIONS
- ANALYSIS: ICP SPECTROMETRY
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ICP-OES
- ICP-OES ELEMENT DETECTION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ICP-MS
- ICP-MS ELEMENT DETECTION
- ICP-MS ANALYSIS OF SE
- EXAMPLES OF ICP-MS ANALYSIS OF SE IN CEREAL GRAIN
- HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SE SPECIATION
- LC-ICP-MS
- ION-EXCHANGE LC
- ANION-EXCHANGE LC
- ANION-EXCHANGE LC APPLICATIONS
- DISCLAIMER
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 10: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF OAT AVENANTHRAMIDES
- INTRODUCTION
- QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Chapter 11: PHYTATE
- INTRODUCTION
- INOSITOL PHOSPHATE ANALYSIS
- HIGH-PERFORMANCE ION CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPIC) METHODS
- SAMPLE PREPARATION
- HPIC SEPARATION OF INOSITOL PHOSPHATE ISOMERS
- APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
- EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
Chapter 12: ANTHOCYANINS
- INTRODUCTION
- SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
- EXTRACTION OF ANTHOCYANINS
- UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY
- CHROMATOGRAPHY
- MASS SPECTROMETRY
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 13: TOTAL DIETARY FIBER
- INTRODUCTION
- ESTIMATION OF TOTAL DIETARY FIBER BY DIFFERENCE
- ESTIMATION OF TOTAL DIETARY FIBER BY AN ENZYMATIC-CHEMICAL METHOD (UPPSALA METHOD)
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 14: QUANTIFICATION OF ARABINOXYLANS AND THEIR DEGREE OF BRANCHING USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
- INTRODUCTION
- ARABINOXYLAN QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF ITS DEGREE OF BRANCHING
- EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
- NOTES
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 15: ENZYMATIC MAPPING OF ARABINOXYLAN STRUCTURE
- INTRODUCTION
- SOLUBILIZATION AND DEGRADATION OF AX AND β-GLUCANS BY ENZYMES
- SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AXOS
- ANALYSIS OF DATA
- ENZYMES
- PROCEDURES
- EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 16: MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS OF WATER-EXTRACTABLE β-GLUCAN AND ARABINOXYLAN
- INTRODUCTION
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACTABLE β-GLUCAN
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACTABLE ARABINOXYLAN
- APPLICATIONS
Chapter 17: SPATIAL MAPPING OF CELL WALL COMPONENTS IN THE CEREAL ENDOSPERM USING SPECTROSCOPIC, FLUORESCENT AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS
- INTRODUCTION
- SPATIAL MAPPING OF CELL WALLS USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY: FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
- SPATIAL MAPPING OF CELL WALLS USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY: RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
- SPATIAL MAPPING OF CELL WALL COMPOUNDS BY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
- BIOLOGICAL PROBES: IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS
- FUSION PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATE BINDING MODULES AS NOVEL PROBES
- ENZYMES AS MOLECULAR PROBES
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 18: SCREENING FOR DIETARY FIBER CONSTITUENTS IN CEREALS BY NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- DEVELOPMENT OF CALIBRATION
- EXAMPLE – CALIBRATIONS FOR ARABINOXYLANS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 19: COMBINING BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS WITH CONVENTIONAL TARGETS IN PLANT BREEDING PROGRAMMES
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC VARIATION IN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY TRAITS
- RANKING OF GENOTYPES ACCORDING TO THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROTEIN COMPONENTS
- CLASSIFICATION OF GENOTYPES BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)
- INCREASES IN GENETIC VARIATION THROUGH INTROGRESSION
- INCREASING GENETIC VARIATION THROUGH MUTAGENESIS
- TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 20: FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS IN CEREAL GRAIN
- INTRODUCTION
- SIMPLIFICATION OF ANALYSES
- COMBINING ANALYSES: METABOLOMICS
- EXTRACTION SOLVENTS FOR METABOLOMICS
- INSTRUMENTATION
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INDEX