Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals: Volume I: General Considerations

5th Edition - November 30, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Gunnar F. Nordberg, Max Costa
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 2 9 2 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 2 9 3 - 4

Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fifth Edition, Volume I: General Considerations is the first volume of a two-volume work that gives an overview and covers topics of genera… Read more

Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals: Volume I: General Considerations

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Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fifth Edition, Volume I: General Considerations is the first volume of a two-volume work that gives an overview and covers topics of general importance including reviews of various health effects of trace metals. The book emphasizes toxic effects in humans, along with discussions on the toxic effects of animals and biological systems in vitro when relevant. The book has been systematically updated with the latest studies and advances in technology and contains several new chapters. As a multidisciplinary resource that integrates both human and environmental toxicology, the book is a comprehensive and valuable reference for toxicologists, physicians, pharmacologists, and environmental scientists in the fields of environmental, occupational and public health.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
List of reviewers
Preface
Chapter 1. Toxicology of metals: Overview, definitions, concepts, and trends
1. Metal exposures and global burden of disease
2. Agenda 2030, global climate change, the Paris Agreement, and other international conventions
3. International historical perspectives on risks of health effects of metals
4. Metal poisoning and other human health effects
5. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of metal toxicity and carcinogenicity
6. Human exposures to metallic compounds, risk assessment, and prevention
Chapter 2. General chemistry of metals, sampling, analytical methods, and speciation
1. Introduction
2. Definition of metals
3. The periodic table
4. Compounds of metallic elements
5. Solubility and bioavailability
6. Properties of metal ions
7. The metallome and other aspects of metal chemistry of biological and toxicological interest
8. Exposure to metals
9. Total element analysis and elemental speciation
10. Separation techniques
11. Detection methods
12. Calibration
13. Quality assurance
14. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Exposure, dose, and toxicokinetics of metals
1. Introduction
2. Exposure
3. Deposition and absorption
4. Transport, biotransformation, and distribution
5. Pathways and mechanisms of excretion
6. Toxicokinetic models and their use in establishing dose-response and dose-effect relationships
7. Use of indicator media for estimating exposure or critical organ concentration
8. Conclusions
Chapter 4. Toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
1. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
2. Principles of nanoparticle-induced toxicity
3. Physicochemical characterization
4. Methods for toxicity testing of nanoparticles
5. Gold nanoparticles
6. Silver nanoparticles
7. Platinum and palladium nanoparticles
8. Aluminum and aluminum oxide nanoparticles
9. Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles
10. Nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles
11. Iron oxide nanoparticles
12. Titanium oxide nanoparticles
13. Zinc oxide nanoparticles
14. Cerium oxide nanoparticles
15. Silicon oxide nanoparticles
16. Semiconductor nanocrystals
17. Emerging biomaterials
18. Concluding remarks
Chapter 5. Toxicity of metals released from implanted medical devices
1. Background
2. Toxicological issues associated with metal release from specific types of implanted medical devices
3. Challenges and future directions
Chapter 6. Metals and air pollution
1. Introduction
2. Concentrations and sources of trace metals in ambient air PM
3. Sources and source apportionment
4. Solubility as a modifier
5. Review of epidemiologic studies in human populations
6. Toxicology studies of PM2.5 exposure
7. Evidence from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
8. Discussion and conclusions
9. Climate implications of PM transition metals' elevated health impacts
Chapter 7. Toxic metals in food
1. Introduction
2. Cadmium
3. Lead
4. Mercury
5. Arsenic
6. Food contamination from packaging
7. Health-based guidance values and benchmark dose (lower confidence limit) for aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel
8. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Interaction of toxic metals with the gut microbiome
Highlights
1. Introduction
Chapter 9. Biological monitoring of metals and biomarkers
1. Introduction
2. Sources of preanalytical and analytical errors
3. Quality assurance
4. Specimens in use
5. Reference limits and biomonitoring limit or guidance values
6. Biomarkers of exposure
7. Biomarkers of effects
8. Ethical considerations
9. Biomonitoring in health risk assessment and management
10. Challenges in the use of biomonitoring in regulatory risk assessment and management
11. Future trends
Chapter 10. Computational modeling and dosimetry of metals
1. Introduction
2. Metals and computational models
3. Human PBPK tool kit development: the general approach
4. Biomonitoring and its interpretation
5. The exposome
6. The concept of toxicity pathways
7. Conclusions
Chapter 11. Selected molecular mechanisms of metal toxicity and carcinogenicity
1. Transport of toxic metals by molecular/ionic mimicry of essential compounds
2. Interference with the functions of essential metals by toxic metals
3. Toxic metal-binding molecules
4. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of metals
5. Epigenetic effects of metal compounds
6. Effects of metals on cell signaling pathways, reactive oxidative stress, and gene expression
Chapter 12. Effects of metals on extracellular vesicle signaling
1. Introduction
2. Overview of metals in pollution
3. Metals known to affect extracellular vesicles
4. Effects of metals on intracellular vesicles
5. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and effectors of disease
6. Suppressing extracellular vesicle release and/or uptake
Chapter 13. General considerations of dose-effect and dose-response relationships∗
1. General aspects of dose-response relationships
2. Modeling of dose-response relationships
3. Modeling the data
4. Species-to-species extrapolations
5. Risk assessment and dose-response relationships
6. Dose response in an era of new approach methodologies
Chapter 14. Interactions and mixtures in metal toxicology
1. Introduction and general considerations
2. Age, gender, drugs, and other factors
3. Joint metal-metal actions (noncarcinogenic effects)
4. Joint metal actions in carcinogenesis
5. Risk assessment of mixtures of metals
6. Perspectives and future needs
Chapter 15. Gene–environment interactions and metal toxicity
1. Gene–environment interactions for metals
2. Interactions of specific metals
3. Conclusions
Chapter 16. Epidemiological approaches to metal toxicology
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiological terms
3. Study design
4. Study population
5. Exposure assessment
6. Assessment of effects
7. Data analysis and assessment of the benchmark dose
Chapter 17. Essential metals: Assessing risks from deficiency and toxicity
1. Introduction: essentiality of trace metals
2. Basic concepts
3. Effects of deficiency and toxicity
4. Summary of the principles of human risk assessment for exposures to essential metals
5. Estimation of the AROI/DRV and limitations of the present database
6. Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 18. The interaction of metals and the skin: The good, bad, and the ugly
1. Adverse skin reactions resulting from interaction with metals
2. Regulation of toxic metal content of cosmetics and over-the-counter personal care
3. Evidence for direct effect of metals in air pollution on human skin
4. Issues in nanoparticle penetration through the skin
5. Metals used for protection against solar radiation: inorganic sunscreens
6. Minerals used for topical antimicrobial and antifungal indications
Chapter 19. Metals and the respiratory tract
1. Introduction
2. Preliminary considerations
3. Acute toxic effects
4. Bronchial asthma
5. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
6. Interstitial lung disorders
7. Lung cancer
8. Conclusions
Chapter 20. Neurotoxicology of metals
1. From neurophysiology to neurotoxicology
2. Central nervous system development and windows of vulnerability
3. Mechanistic bases of metal neurotoxicity
4. Stem cells and metals
Chapter 21. Cardiovascular disease
1. Introduction
2. Aluminum
3. Arsenic
4. Beryllium
5. Cadmium
6. Chromium
7. Cobalt
8. Iron
9. Lead
10. Magnesium
11. Manganese
12. Mercury
13. Nickel
14. Selenium
15. Uranium
16. Zinc
17. Concluding remarks
Chapter 22. Renal effects of exposure to metals
1. Introduction
2. Function of the kidneys and indicators of injury
3. Renal effects
4. Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) or chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu)
5. Metals and metalloids that may cause renal damage
Chapter 23. Carcinogenicity of metal compounds
1. Introduction
2. Metal carcinogens
3. Air pollution as an environmental carcinogen
4. Potential mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis
5. Epigenetic effects of metals
Chapter 24. Immunotoxicology of metals
1. Introduction
2. Immunosuppression induced by metals
3. Nutritionally essential metals and the immune system
4. Hypersensitivity induced by metals
5. Metals causing hypersensitivity reactions
6. Interaction between metals and proteins
7. Other interactions between metals and proteins: implications for autoimmunity
8. Immunostimulation induced by metals: the examples of Pb, Hg, and Ni
9. Metal-induced autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases
10. Acceleration and aggravation of autoimmunity by xenobiotics
Chapter 25. Effects of metallic elements on reproduction and development
1. Introduction
2. How to measure dose and effect
3. Sex differences
4. Mechanism of action in male and female germinal cells
5. The role of hormones: metallic elements as endocrine disruptors
6. Conception
7. Other effects on pregnancy
8. Developmental effects
9. Concluding remarks and the need for future research
Chapter 26. Ecotoxicology of metals—sources, transport, and effects on the ecosystem
1. Sources of metal emissions
2. The biogeochemical transport of metals
3. Uptake and accumulation of metals
4. Defense against and storage of metals
5. Toxicity of metals in ecosystems
6. Risk assessment of metals
7. Monitoring metal pollution: biomonitoring
8. Ecotoxicology of individual metals
Chapter 27. Risk assessment for metal exposures
1. Introduction
2. Exposure and dose assessment
3. Hazard identification
4. Dose-effect and dose-response assessment or hazard characterization
5. Risk characterization
6. Risk management and risk communication
Chapter 28. Diagnosis and treatment of metal poisoning general aspects
1. Clinical effects
2. Diagnosis of metal poisoning
3. Treatment
Chapter 29. Principles for prevention of the toxic effects of metals
1. Introduction
2. General principles for prevention of the toxic effects of metals
3. Prevention of the effects of metal toxicity in the work environment
4. Prevention of the effects of metal toxicity in the general environment
5. Perspectives on precaution and prevention
6. Conclusion
Chapter 30. Metal toxicology in low-income and lower-middle-income countries
1. Introduction
2. Overview of public health problem areas
3. Low-income and lower-middle-income countries as global sources of metals
4. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and mercury toxicity
5. Climate change, low carbon emission, mining, and metals
6. Metals in agricultural fertilizers and groundwater
7. Metals in food, pharmaceuticals, and goods of daily use
8. Children in low- and middle-income countries and metals
9. Methods for the removal of toxic metals from wastewater streams in LICS and LMICS
10. Needed preventive action and research into the toxicity of metals in humans
Index

Gunnar F. Nordberg

Dr Gunnar F. Nordberg, MD, PhD, is an emeritus Professor at Umea University, Umea, Sweden, where he served as chairman of the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine for many years. He has also worked as a Professor and chair at the Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Denmark and for periods of a year at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France and the University of North Carolina and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA. In his capacity as university professor, he tutored many PhD and master students in Environmental medicine, a number of them from countries around the world. He has published more than 300 papers in Scientific Journals and International Handbooks. In addition, he authored, edited or co-edited 24 Scientific Books and participated in International Task Groups evaluating Risks of Environmental Agents, which resulted in 30 international books or reports. Some of these publications resulted from his activities as a chairman of the Scientific Committee on the Toxicology of Metals, International Commission on Occupational Health. He is presently the Task Group Chairman of Cadmium Risk Assessment in the Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. His Scientific Publications are mainly on Toxicology and Epidemiology of environmental agents, particularly metals and the application of such data for Human Risk Assessment. He has coordinated EU- projects on Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology of Metals and participated as an active scientist in several such projects. He has been the principal investigator of many research projects funded by Swedish funding Agencies and is presently actively involved in such research. He is one of the editors of a Textbook in Swedish “Arbets- och Miljömedicin”, latest 4th edition 2019. Chief Editor, Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 5th Ed, published 2021 by Academic Press/Elsevier. He has extensive experience as an expert serving Swedish and International Authorities, such as the Swedish National Board of Health (Socialstyrelsen), Japan Food Safety Agency, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) USA, World Health Organization HQ, Geneva/International Program on Chemical Safety/WHO Commission on Health and the Environment, Energy Panel; International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC, Lyon, France, Europe/European Environment Agency, Copenhagen; European Medicines Agency, London; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy.

Affiliations and expertise

Emeritus Professor, Umea University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Sweden

Max Costa

Professor Max Costa's research interests include molecular mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis, cancer, pharmacology, epigenetics, and chromatin structure. Dr. Costa has published over 380 papers and has authored a book on Metal Carcinogenesis Testing. He serves on the Editorial Board as an Associate Editor for the Elsevier Journal, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.

Affiliations and expertise

Chair and Professor, Department of Environmental Medicine, and Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, NY, USA

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health