Handbook of Power-to-X Systems
Processes, Technologies, and Simulation Models
- 1st Edition - October 1, 2026
- Latest edition
- Editors: Francesco Liberato Cappiello, Francesco Calise, Luca Cimmino, Maria Vicidomini
- Language: English
Handbook of Power-to-X Systems: Processes, Technologies, and Simulation Models is a comprehensive guidebook on Power-to-X technologies, leading the energy engineer from fundam… Read more
Description
Description
Handbook of Power-to-X Systems: Processes, Technologies, and Simulation Models is a comprehensive guidebook on Power-to-X technologies, leading the energy engineer from fundamental principles of these electrochemical techniques to complex practical applications for conversion and management in energy systems. This book begins with an overview of the Power-to-X background, clarifying fundamental questions of components, frameworks, uses in sustainable energy, and the history of the technology. This is followed by in-depth analysis of the essential techniques electrolysis and carbon capture, including methods of modelling and practicalities for implementation.
Additional chapters break down the role of various power-to-X processes, with Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquids, Power-to-Chemicals, Power-to-Heat, and Power-to-Power assessed, along with pragmatic guidance on regulatory and policy frameworks and assessments of environmental and social impacts. Finally, the book covers innovations and future technologies and provides a wealth of resources for the energy engineer to build understanding.
Additional chapters break down the role of various power-to-X processes, with Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquids, Power-to-Chemicals, Power-to-Heat, and Power-to-Power assessed, along with pragmatic guidance on regulatory and policy frameworks and assessments of environmental and social impacts. Finally, the book covers innovations and future technologies and provides a wealth of resources for the energy engineer to build understanding.
Key features
Key features
- Provides a clear, digestible breakdown for energy engineers without requiring chemistry expertise
- Demonstrates the utility of these techniques in real-world energy system architecture
- Includes case studies and self-assessment in every chapter, along with code files for practical learning
Readership
Readership
Graduate and upper-level undergraduate students, researchers, and engineers in power electronics and energy systems
Table of contents
Table of contents
1. Introduction to Power-to-X
1.1. Defining Power-to-X: Scope and Potential
1.1.1. What is Power-to-X?
1.1.2. Energy Framework
1.1.3. Components of Power-to-X Systems
1.2. The Role of Power-to-X in Energy Transition and Decarbonization
1.2.1. The Transition Toward a Net Zero Emission Energy Scenario
1.2.2. Variability of Renewable Energy Sources
1.2.3. Decarbonization of the Hard-to-Abate Energy Sectors
1.2.4. Vehicle-to-Grid Integration
1.2.5. E-Fuels and the Decarbonization of Hard-to-Abate Sectors
1.2.6. Energy system modelling efforts for decarbonization of hard-to-abate sectors
1.3. Power-to-X Processes
1.3.1. Power-to-Water
1.3.2. Power-to-Gas
1.3.3. Power-to-Liquids
1.3.4. Power-to-Chemicals
1.3.5. Power-to-Heat
1.3.6. Power-to-Power
1.4. Historical Development and Future Trends
1.4.1. Timeline of PtX
1.4.2. Pioneering Projects
1.4.3. Technological Advances
1.4.4. Market and Policy Trends
1.4.5. Challenges and Opportunities
1.5 Conclusions
1.6 Review and Self-Assessment
2. Electrolysis
2.1. Introduction to electrolysis
2.1.1. Definition and basic principles
2.1.2. Historical background
2.1.3. Typologies
2.1.4. Applications
2.2. Fundamental concepts
2.2.1. Components of electrolyzers
2.2.2. Electrolytic cell
2.2.3. Thermodynamics of electrolysis
2.2.4. Redox reaction in electrolysis
2.2.5. Polarization
2.3. Technologies
2.3.1. Alkaline Electrolysis
2.3.2. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
2.3.3. Anionic Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
2.3.4. Solid Oxide Electrolysis
2.3.5. CO2 Electrolysis
2.3.6. Comparison of strengths and limitations
2.4. Mathematical modelling
2.4.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
2.5. Practical Applications
2.5.1. Electrolysis integrated systems
2.6. Review and Self-Assessment
3. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
3.1. Introduction to carbon capture, utilization, and storage
3.1.1. Definition and basic principles
3.1.2. Historical background
3.1.3. Typologies
3.1.4. Applications
3.2. Fundamental concepts
3.2.1. Components of the System
3.2.2. Capture Technologies
3.2.3. Transport of Carbon Dioxide
3.2.4. Storage Mechanisms
3.3. Technologies
3.3.1. Post-Combustion Capture
3.3.2. Pre-Combustion Capture
3.3.3. Oxy-Fuel Combustion
3.3.4. Direct Air Capture
3.3.5. Bioenergy with Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
3.3.6. Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.7. Integration with Power-to-Gas systems
3.4. Modelling and Simulation
3.4.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
3.4.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
3.4.3. Optimization Techniques
3.4.4. Challenges and Applications
3.5. Practical Applications
3.5.1. Applications and Limitations
3.5.2. Environmental Benefits and Technological Challenges
3.5.3. Manufacturing Processes
3.5.4. Economic Aspects
3.5.5. Guidelines for the Design
3.6. Review and Self-Assessment
4. Power-to-Gas
4.1. Non-Electrolytic Hydrogen Production
4.1.1. Thermochemical Methods
4.1.2. Biological Synthesis
4.1.3. Photochemical Synthesis
4.1.4. Thermochemical Water Splitting
4.2. Synthetic Natural Gas Production
4.2.1. Methanation Process
4.2.2. Catalysts and Reactors
4.2.3. Operating Conditions
4.3. Modelling and Simulation
4.3.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
4.3.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
4.3.3. Optimization Techniques
4.3.4. Challenges and Applications
4.4. Practical Applications
4.4.1. Applications and Limitations
4.4.2. Efficiency of the Process
4.4.3. Environmental Benefits and Technological Challenges
4.4.4. Manufacturing Processes
4.4.5. Economic Aspects
4.4.6. Case Studies of Global Implementation
4.4.7. Guidelines for Plants Design
4.5. Review and Self-Assessment
5. Power-to-Liquids
5.1. Pathways for Synthetic Fuels Production
5.1.1. Chemistry and Technology Behind Power-to-Liquids
5.1.2. Fischer-Tropsch Process
5.1.3. Hydro-processing of Esters and Fatty Acids
5.1.4. Alcohol-to-Jet Pathway
5.1.5. Other processes
5.2. Modelling and Simulation
5.2.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
5.2.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
5.2.3. Optimization Techniques
5.3. Practical Applications
5.3.1. Applications and Limitations
5.3.2. Performance and Environmental Implications
5.3.3. Industrialization and Manufacturing
5.3.4. Economics, Deployment and Design Guidelines
5.4. Review and Self-Assessment
6. Power-to-Chemicals
6.1. Production of Basic Chemicals
6.1.1. Chemistry and Technology Behind Power-to-Chemicals
6.1.2. Methanol Synthesis
6.1.3. Ammonia Synthesis
6.1.4. Olefins and Hydrocarbons Synthesis
6.1.5. Other Target Chemicals and Emerging Technologies
6.2. Modelling and Simulation
6.2.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
6.2.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
6.2.3. Optimization Techniques
6.2.4. Challenges and Applications
6.3. Practical Applications
6.3.1. Applications and Limitations
6.3.2. Efficiency of the Process
6.3.3. Environmental Benefits and Technological Challenges
6.3.4. Manufacturing Processes
6.3.5. Economic Aspects
6.3.6. Case Studies of Global Implementation
6.3.7. Guidelines for Plants Design
6.4. Review and Self-Assessment
7. Power-to-Heat
7.1. Technologies for Heat Generation
7.1.1. Heat Pumps
7.1.2. Resistive Heating
7.1.3. Induction Heating
7.2. Integration into District Heating Systems
7.2.1. Introduction to District Heating and Cooling Networks
7.2.2. 4th and 5th Generation District Heating
7.2.3. Thermal Storage
7.3. Modelling and Simulation
7.4. Practical Applications
7.5. Review and Self-Assessment
8. Power-to-Power
8.1. Grid Balancing and Stability
8.2. Electric Storage Solutions
8.3. Energy Storage Systems
8.3.1. Main performance indicators and classification of Energy Storage Systems
8.3.2. Mechanical energy storage systems
8.3.3. Electrochemical energy storage systems
8.3.4. Reverse Electrodialysis storage systems
8.3.5. Electrical energy storage systems
8.4. Fuel Cell
8.4.1. Alkaline Fuel Cells
8.4.2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
8.4.3. Solid oxide Fuel Cells
8.4.4. Anion exchange membrane
8.4.5. Molten carbonate
8.5. Practical Applications
8.6. Review and Self-Assessment
9. Regulatory and Policy Framework on Power-to-X
9.1. International and National Policy Landscape
9.1.1 Country-Specific Regulatory Landscapes
9.1.2 Standards for Technology and Safety
9.1.3 Policy-Driven Market Dynamics
9.1.4 Policy Impact on Hydrogen and PtX Innovation and Market Uptake
9.1.5 Outlook
9.1.6 Barriers to Implementation and Policy Pathways for Overcoming
9.2. Review and Self-Assessment
10. Environmental and Social Impacts of Power-to-X
10.1 Life Cycle Assessments of Power-to-X Pathways
10.1.1 Life Cycle Assessments
10.1.2. Comparison with Conventional Technologies
10.2 Social Acceptance and Community Impacts
10.2.1 Building Societal Legitimacy for Power-to-X: From Public Awareness to Market
Adoption
10.3 Ethical and Environmental Considerations
10.3.1 Resource Utilization
10.3.2 Social Equity
10.3.3 Environmental regulation
10.3.4 Community-Scale Projects
10.4 Review and Self-Assessment
11. Innovations and Future Technologies of Power-to-X Projects
11.1 Global Scenario
11.1.1 National PtX Projects
11.1.2 International Cooperations
11.2 Emerging Markets and Future Applications
11.2.1 Transportation Sector
11.2.2 Industrial Sector
11.2.3 Residential and Commercial Sector
11.3 Predictions for Technological Adoption and Development
11.3.1 Innovative Pathways
11.4 Review and Self-Assessment
1.1. Defining Power-to-X: Scope and Potential
1.1.1. What is Power-to-X?
1.1.2. Energy Framework
1.1.3. Components of Power-to-X Systems
1.2. The Role of Power-to-X in Energy Transition and Decarbonization
1.2.1. The Transition Toward a Net Zero Emission Energy Scenario
1.2.2. Variability of Renewable Energy Sources
1.2.3. Decarbonization of the Hard-to-Abate Energy Sectors
1.2.4. Vehicle-to-Grid Integration
1.2.5. E-Fuels and the Decarbonization of Hard-to-Abate Sectors
1.2.6. Energy system modelling efforts for decarbonization of hard-to-abate sectors
1.3. Power-to-X Processes
1.3.1. Power-to-Water
1.3.2. Power-to-Gas
1.3.3. Power-to-Liquids
1.3.4. Power-to-Chemicals
1.3.5. Power-to-Heat
1.3.6. Power-to-Power
1.4. Historical Development and Future Trends
1.4.1. Timeline of PtX
1.4.2. Pioneering Projects
1.4.3. Technological Advances
1.4.4. Market and Policy Trends
1.4.5. Challenges and Opportunities
1.5 Conclusions
1.6 Review and Self-Assessment
2. Electrolysis
2.1. Introduction to electrolysis
2.1.1. Definition and basic principles
2.1.2. Historical background
2.1.3. Typologies
2.1.4. Applications
2.2. Fundamental concepts
2.2.1. Components of electrolyzers
2.2.2. Electrolytic cell
2.2.3. Thermodynamics of electrolysis
2.2.4. Redox reaction in electrolysis
2.2.5. Polarization
2.3. Technologies
2.3.1. Alkaline Electrolysis
2.3.2. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
2.3.3. Anionic Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
2.3.4. Solid Oxide Electrolysis
2.3.5. CO2 Electrolysis
2.3.6. Comparison of strengths and limitations
2.4. Mathematical modelling
2.4.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
2.5. Practical Applications
2.5.1. Electrolysis integrated systems
2.6. Review and Self-Assessment
3. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
3.1. Introduction to carbon capture, utilization, and storage
3.1.1. Definition and basic principles
3.1.2. Historical background
3.1.3. Typologies
3.1.4. Applications
3.2. Fundamental concepts
3.2.1. Components of the System
3.2.2. Capture Technologies
3.2.3. Transport of Carbon Dioxide
3.2.4. Storage Mechanisms
3.3. Technologies
3.3.1. Post-Combustion Capture
3.3.2. Pre-Combustion Capture
3.3.3. Oxy-Fuel Combustion
3.3.4. Direct Air Capture
3.3.5. Bioenergy with Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
3.3.6. Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.7. Integration with Power-to-Gas systems
3.4. Modelling and Simulation
3.4.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
3.4.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
3.4.3. Optimization Techniques
3.4.4. Challenges and Applications
3.5. Practical Applications
3.5.1. Applications and Limitations
3.5.2. Environmental Benefits and Technological Challenges
3.5.3. Manufacturing Processes
3.5.4. Economic Aspects
3.5.5. Guidelines for the Design
3.6. Review and Self-Assessment
4. Power-to-Gas
4.1. Non-Electrolytic Hydrogen Production
4.1.1. Thermochemical Methods
4.1.2. Biological Synthesis
4.1.3. Photochemical Synthesis
4.1.4. Thermochemical Water Splitting
4.2. Synthetic Natural Gas Production
4.2.1. Methanation Process
4.2.2. Catalysts and Reactors
4.2.3. Operating Conditions
4.3. Modelling and Simulation
4.3.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
4.3.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
4.3.3. Optimization Techniques
4.3.4. Challenges and Applications
4.4. Practical Applications
4.4.1. Applications and Limitations
4.4.2. Efficiency of the Process
4.4.3. Environmental Benefits and Technological Challenges
4.4.4. Manufacturing Processes
4.4.5. Economic Aspects
4.4.6. Case Studies of Global Implementation
4.4.7. Guidelines for Plants Design
4.5. Review and Self-Assessment
5. Power-to-Liquids
5.1. Pathways for Synthetic Fuels Production
5.1.1. Chemistry and Technology Behind Power-to-Liquids
5.1.2. Fischer-Tropsch Process
5.1.3. Hydro-processing of Esters and Fatty Acids
5.1.4. Alcohol-to-Jet Pathway
5.1.5. Other processes
5.2. Modelling and Simulation
5.2.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
5.2.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
5.2.3. Optimization Techniques
5.3. Practical Applications
5.3.1. Applications and Limitations
5.3.2. Performance and Environmental Implications
5.3.3. Industrialization and Manufacturing
5.3.4. Economics, Deployment and Design Guidelines
5.4. Review and Self-Assessment
6. Power-to-Chemicals
6.1. Production of Basic Chemicals
6.1.1. Chemistry and Technology Behind Power-to-Chemicals
6.1.2. Methanol Synthesis
6.1.3. Ammonia Synthesis
6.1.4. Olefins and Hydrocarbons Synthesis
6.1.5. Other Target Chemicals and Emerging Technologies
6.2. Modelling and Simulation
6.2.1. Overview of Modelling Approaches
6.2.2. Tools Adopted for the Simulations
6.2.3. Optimization Techniques
6.2.4. Challenges and Applications
6.3. Practical Applications
6.3.1. Applications and Limitations
6.3.2. Efficiency of the Process
6.3.3. Environmental Benefits and Technological Challenges
6.3.4. Manufacturing Processes
6.3.5. Economic Aspects
6.3.6. Case Studies of Global Implementation
6.3.7. Guidelines for Plants Design
6.4. Review and Self-Assessment
7. Power-to-Heat
7.1. Technologies for Heat Generation
7.1.1. Heat Pumps
7.1.2. Resistive Heating
7.1.3. Induction Heating
7.2. Integration into District Heating Systems
7.2.1. Introduction to District Heating and Cooling Networks
7.2.2. 4th and 5th Generation District Heating
7.2.3. Thermal Storage
7.3. Modelling and Simulation
7.4. Practical Applications
7.5. Review and Self-Assessment
8. Power-to-Power
8.1. Grid Balancing and Stability
8.2. Electric Storage Solutions
8.3. Energy Storage Systems
8.3.1. Main performance indicators and classification of Energy Storage Systems
8.3.2. Mechanical energy storage systems
8.3.3. Electrochemical energy storage systems
8.3.4. Reverse Electrodialysis storage systems
8.3.5. Electrical energy storage systems
8.4. Fuel Cell
8.4.1. Alkaline Fuel Cells
8.4.2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
8.4.3. Solid oxide Fuel Cells
8.4.4. Anion exchange membrane
8.4.5. Molten carbonate
8.5. Practical Applications
8.6. Review and Self-Assessment
9. Regulatory and Policy Framework on Power-to-X
9.1. International and National Policy Landscape
9.1.1 Country-Specific Regulatory Landscapes
9.1.2 Standards for Technology and Safety
9.1.3 Policy-Driven Market Dynamics
9.1.4 Policy Impact on Hydrogen and PtX Innovation and Market Uptake
9.1.5 Outlook
9.1.6 Barriers to Implementation and Policy Pathways for Overcoming
9.2. Review and Self-Assessment
10. Environmental and Social Impacts of Power-to-X
10.1 Life Cycle Assessments of Power-to-X Pathways
10.1.1 Life Cycle Assessments
10.1.2. Comparison with Conventional Technologies
10.2 Social Acceptance and Community Impacts
10.2.1 Building Societal Legitimacy for Power-to-X: From Public Awareness to Market
Adoption
10.3 Ethical and Environmental Considerations
10.3.1 Resource Utilization
10.3.2 Social Equity
10.3.3 Environmental regulation
10.3.4 Community-Scale Projects
10.4 Review and Self-Assessment
11. Innovations and Future Technologies of Power-to-X Projects
11.1 Global Scenario
11.1.1 National PtX Projects
11.1.2 International Cooperations
11.2 Emerging Markets and Future Applications
11.2.1 Transportation Sector
11.2.2 Industrial Sector
11.2.3 Residential and Commercial Sector
11.3 Predictions for Technological Adoption and Development
11.3.1 Innovative Pathways
11.4 Review and Self-Assessment
Product details
Product details
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: October 1, 2026
- Language: English
About the editors
About the editors
FC
Francesco Liberato Cappiello
Francesco Liberato Cappiello is currently a Researcher in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. He specializes in research on energy networks and sustainable energy integration, including smart energy systems, progenerative plants powered by renewables, integration of cogeneration or renewable systems for transport and heating, and innovative solutions utilizing energy storage for system management.
Affiliations and expertise
Researcher, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, ItalyFC
Francesco Calise
Francesco Calise is currently a Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. He teaches several courses of energy management and applied thermodynamics, and has been invited to lecture for courses in the UK and Finland. Prof. Calise has been involved in several research projects funded by EU and Italian Government and has served as chair and/or member of scientific committee in a number of international conferences. His research interests include fuel cells, solar energy, polygeneration systems, cogeneration, and efficiency in energy systems.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, ItalyLC
Luca Cimmino
Luca Cimmino is currently a Research Fellow in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy. His research interests lie in dynamic simulations of energy systems, renewable polygeneration systems, optimization techniques, and power-to-X technologies.
Affiliations and expertise
Research Fellow, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, ItalyMV
Maria Vicidomini
Maria Vicidomini has been a Researcher in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy, since 2019. Her research activity has been mainly focused on the development of dynamic simulation models for the energy, exergy, economic and environmental analysis and impact of innovative systems for distributed polygeneration systems, supplied by renewable energy (geothermal, solar, wind energy) and natural gas.
Affiliations and expertise
Researcher, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy