Handbook of Polymers in Medicine

1st Edition - August 23, 2023
Editors: Masoud Mozafari, Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 7 9 7 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 7 9 8 - 4

Handbook of Polymers in Medicine combines core concepts and advanced research on polymers, providing a better understanding of this class of materials in medicine. The book cove… Read more

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Handbook of Polymers in Medicine combines core concepts and advanced research on polymers, providing a better understanding of this class of materials in medicine. The book covers all aspects of medical polymers from characteristics and biocompatibility, to the diverse array of applications in medicine. Chapters cover an introduction to polymers in medicine and the challenges associated with biocompatibility in human tissue, polyurethane and supramolecular polymers and their specific applications in medicine, from tissue regeneration to orthopedic surgery and cancer therapeutics.

This book offers an interdisciplinary approach that will appeal to researchers in a range of disciplines, including biomedical engineering, materials science, chemistry, pharmacology and translational medicine. The book will also make a useful reference for clinicians and those in medical fields who are interested in materials for medical applications, as well as R&D groups involved in medical device design.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
1. Natural and synthetic polymers in medicine
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Natural polymers and polymers derived from natural resources
1.3 Synthetic polymers used in medicine
1.4 Polymers in nanomedicine
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Cellular interactions and molecular signaling at the interface of cells and polymeric biomaterials
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cells involved in the immune response
2.3 Cell biomaterials interactions
2.4 What influences cell behavior?
2.5 Methods for improving biocompatibility
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Protein adsorption on polymeric surfaces
Abstract
3.1 Introdution
3.2 Fundamentals
3.3 Interaction between polymer and protein
3.4 Methods for analysis of protein interaction
3.5 Applications and advances
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Biocompatibility of polymers
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biocompatibility
4.3 Biocompatible polymers
4.4 Applications of biocompatible polymers
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Hemocompatible polymers for medical applications
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hemocompatibility of biomaterials
5.3 Hemocompatible polymeric surfaces
5.4 Polymers in blood-contacting applications
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Nanostructured polymeric materials for medicine
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fabrication of nanostructured polymeric materials
6.3 Characterization of nanostructured polymeric materials
6.4 Properties of nanostructured polymer materials
6.5 Application of nanostructured polymeric materials
6.6 Biocompatibility and safety issues
6.7 Conclusions and future challenges
References
7. Poly(ethylene glycol) based biomaterials
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physical and chemical properties of poly (ethylene glycol)
7.3 Synthesis of PEG
7.4 Blending of PEG
7.5 PEGylation
7.6 The first-generation PEG chemistry
7.7 Second-generation PEG chemistry
7.8 Applications of polyethylene glycol as biomaterial
7.9 Polyethylene glycol in tissue engineering
7.10 Polyethylene glycol in drug delivery systems
7.11 Passive targeting
7.12 Active targeting
7.13 Other medical applications
7.14 Conclusion
References
8. Polyurethane as biomaterials for biomedical applications
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Chemical structure of polyurethanes
8.3 Biomedical applications
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Polymer–protein conjugates as therapeutic
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Protein–polymer conjugate synthesis methods
9.3 Clinical applications
9.4 Treatment of various diseases
9.5 Biotechnology
9.6 Protein purification and separation
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Oxazoline and caprolactone based polymeric materials
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Oxazoline-based polymers for biomedical applications
10.3 Caprolactone-based polymers for biomedical applications
10.4 Oxazoline and caprolactone-based composite materials
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Conductive polymers for medical applications
Abstract
11.1 History of conductive polymers
11.2 Conduction mechanism
11.3 Conductive polymers and their composites
11.4 Medical applications of conductive polymers
11.5 Future prospective of conductive polymers in medical applications
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Biodegradable/bioresorbable polymers for medical applications
Abstract
12.1 Introduction to biodegradable polymers
12.2 Degradation of biopolymer
12.3 Classification of biodegradable polymers
12.4 Biodegradation test methods
12.5 Applications of biodegradable polymers in medicine
12.6 Conclusions
References
13. Bioresorbable polymers for medical applications
Abstract
13.1 Introduction to bioresorbable polymers
13.2 Bioresorption and bioresorbable polymers
13.3 Processing of bioresorbable polymers for medical applications
13.4 Conventional processing methods
13.5 Medical applications
13.6 Conclusion
Refrences
14. Stimuli-responsive polymers for biomedical applications
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Endogenous stimuli-responsive polymers
14.3 pH-responsive polymers
14.4 Redox-responsive polymers
14.5 Ion-responsive polymers
14.6 Enzyme-responsive polymers
14.7 Glucose-responsive polymers
14.8 Exogenous stimuli-responsive polymers
14.9 Temperature-responsive polymers
14.10 Photo/Light-responsive polymers
14.11 Magnetic-responsive polymers
14.12 Electrical-responsive polymers
14.13 Ultrasound-responsive polymers
14.14 Conclusion
References
15. Polycaprolactone as biomaterial
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic synthesis methods of polycaprolactone
15.3 Recent developments in PCL-based materials and their application
15.4 Conclusion
References
16. Silicon-based polymers for biomedical application
Abstract
16.1 Silicones
16.2 Composition
16.3 Structure
16.4 Properties
16.5 Biomedical applications
16.6 Interaction of silicone biomaterial with host tissue
16.7 Antimicrobial approaches of silicone biomaterial
16.8 Conclusion
References
17. Polymers in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Natural polymers in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
17.3 Synthetic polymers applied in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
17.4 Conclusion
References
18. Polymers in wound repair and skin regeneration
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Polymeric biomaterials in wound-healing
18.3 Conclusion and future prespectives
References
19. Polymers in bone and orthopedic surgery
Abstract
Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Polymers
19.3 Biodegradable polymers
19.4 Polymers used in bone and orthopedic surgery
19.5 Applications of polymers in bone and orthopedic surgery
19.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
20. Emerging polymers in dentistry
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Tooth structure and natural polymers in the tooth
20.3 Polymers used in dentistry applications
20.4 Polymers in dentistry
20.5 Novel developments
20.6 Conclusion
References
21. Polymers in cancer research and clinical oncology
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Conducting polymers
21.3 Biodegradable polymers
21.4 Determination and treatment of cancer using conducting and biodegradable polymers
21.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
22. Polymers in drug delivery and targeting
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Biodegradable polymers and their types
22.3 Biodegradable polymers in targeted drug delivery
22.4 Future perspectives
22.5 Conclusions
References
23. Polymer-based biosensors for medical applications
Abstract
Abbreviations
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biosensors
23.3 Working principle of biosensors
23.4 Conducting polymer-based biosensors
23.5 PANI-based sensors
23.6 PPY-based sensors
23.7 PTH-based sensors
23.8 PEDOT-based sensors
23.9 Other CP-based sensors
23.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
24. Processing and characterization of polymeric biomaterials
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Processing techniques of polymeric biomaterials
24.3 Injection molding
24.4 Suitable thermal management and motion accuracy
24.5 Spinning techniques
24.6 Air-jet spinning
24.7 Additive manufacturing
24.8 Fused deposition modeling
24.9 Selective laser sintering/melting
24.10 Stereolithography
24.11 Binder jetting
24.12 Subtractive manufacturing
24.13 Leaching
24.14 Freeze drying
24.15 Characterization of polymeric biomaterials
24.16 Stress strain calculations
24.17 Impact test
24.18 Dynamic mechanical analysis
24.19 Thermal characterization of polymeric biomaterials
24.20 Differential scanning calorimetry
24.21 Differential scanning calorimetry
24.22 Differential thermal analysis
24.23 Thermomechanical analysis
24.24 Chemical characterization of polymeric biomaterials
24.25 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
24.26 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
24.27 X-ray diffraction
24.28 Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
24.29 Biological characterization
24.30 In-vivo assays
24.31 Implantation
24.32 Biodegradation
24.33 In-vitro assays
24.34 Physical characterization
24.35 Mercury porosimetry
24.36 Mercury intrusion porosimetry
24.37 Gas adsorption
24.38 Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller
24.39 Zeta potential
24.40 Surface characterization of polymeric biomaterials
24.41 Microscopic analysis methods: SEM, TEM, AFM
24.42 Spectroscopic analysis methods
24.43 Other techniques
24.44 Microstructural characterization
24.45 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
24.46 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
24.47 Raman
24.48 Confocal laser spectroscopy microscopy
24.49 Wide and small angle x-ray scattering
24.50 Conclusion
References
25. Regulations and standards for polymers in medicine
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Why regulations and standards are necessary?
25.3 Definitions
25.4 United States
25.5 European Union
25.6 Japan
25.7 Canada
25.8 Medical device definition by World Health Organization
25.9 Definition of “Medical Grade”
25.10 How materials earn the “medical grade” designation
25.11 Regulation for medical devices
25.12 Risk classification by region
25.13 United States
25.14 European Union
25.15 Japan
25.16 Others
25.17 Australia
25.18 Canada
25.19 New Zealand
25.20 Usage and their standards of polymers in medicine
25.21 Standards for polymeric materials used in medicine
25.22 ISO
25.23 USP
25.24 Systemic toxicity test
25.25 Intracutaneous (skin reaction) reactivity test
25.26 Implantation test
25.27 American society for testing and materials
25.28 What is the medical device regulation [MDR (EU) 2017/745]?
25.29 Why new regulation was necessary?
25.30 What changes will “the medical device regulation [MDR (EU) 2017/745]” bring?
25.31 Notified body
25.32 Detailed examination procedure
25.33 Clinical evaluation
25.34 Unique device identification
25.35 European database on medical devices
25.36 Notified bodies and the impact of Brexit
25.37 Conclusion
References
Index

Masoud Mozafari

Dr. Masoud Mozafari is a Fellow at Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Health Hospital, University of Toronto. He was previously Assistant Professor and Director of the Bioengineering Lab, at the Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, and Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Dr. Mozafari’s research interests range across biomaterials, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering, and he is known for the development of strategies for the treatment of damaged tissues and organs, and controlling biological substances for targeted delivery into the human body. Dr. Mozafari has received several awards, including the Khwarizmi Award and the Julia Polak European Doctorate Award for outstanding translational research contributions to the field of biomaterials. He has also received the WIPO Medal for Inventors from The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), in recognition of his contributions to economic and technological development. Dr. Mozafari is currently working on the editorial board of several journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Fellow, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada

Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan

Dr. Narendra P.S. Chauhan is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, India. Dr. Chauhan’s research interests include conducting polymers, polymerization, polymeric materials, polymer synthesis, material characterization, nanocomposites, and biopolymers. Dr. Chauhan has worked as editor or author on 3 published books, in the areas of biocidal polymers, polyaniline, and inorganic and organometallic polymers, as well as contributing to numerous journal articles and book chapters on functionalized polymers and related topics.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, India

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Handbook of Polymers in Medicine

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Masoud Mozafari

Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan