Handbook of Plasticizers

Handbook of Plasticizers, Third Edition, is an essential professional reference, providing information that enables R&D scientists, production chemists, and engineers the information they need to use plasticizers more effectively, and to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. Plasticizers are vital to the plastics industry, particularly in improving the properties of materials such as PVC. Plasticizers are commonly added to complex mixtures containing a variety of materials, so successful incorporation requires a broad understanding of the mechanisms of plasticizer action, and compatibility with different materials and blends. There is a large selection of commercial plasticizers, and various environmental issues which impact on selection decisions.

The book discusses new and historical approaches to the use of plasticizers, explaining mechanisms of plasticizers' action and their behavior in plasticized systems. It goes into detail on the use of plasticizers in a range of specific polymers, polymer blends, and other industrial products. This includes coverage of the impact of plasticizers on processing. George Wypych provides the data and know-how from the most recent sources and updated information required by engineers and scientists working in the plastics industry and the many industry sectors that use plastics in their products. The book covers the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of plasticizers, historical and theoretical background, their effects on process conditions, and health, safety, and environmental issues.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1.2 EXPECTATIONS FROM PLASTICIZERS
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.4 CLASSIFICATION

Chapter 2: PLASTICIZER TYPES

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS
2.3 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZERS
2.4 REACTIVE PLASTICIZERS AND INTERNAL PLASTICIZATION

Chapter 3: TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS

3.1 ABBREVIATIONS, TERMINOLOGY, AND VOCABULARY
3.2 ACID NUMBER
3.3 AGING STUDIES
3.4 ASH
3.5 BRITTLENESS TEMPERATURE
3.6 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY
3.7 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
3.8 COLOR
3.9 COMPATIBILITY
3.10 COMPRESSION SET
3.11 CONCRETE ADDITIVES
3.12 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
3.13 EXTRACTABLE MATTER
3.14 FLASH AND FIRE POINT
3.15 FOGGING
3.16 FUSION
3.17 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
3.18 HARDNESS
3.19 INFRARED ANALYSIS OF PLASTICIZERS
3.20 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
3.21 MARKING (CLASSIFICATION)
3.22 MELT RHEOLOGY
3.23 MIGRATION
3.24 POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) – STANDARD SPECIFICATION
3.25 POWDER-MIX TIME
3.26 PURITY
3.27 REFRACTIVE INDEX
3.28 RESIDUAL CONTAMINATION
3.29 SAMPLING
3.30 SAPONIFICATION VALUE
3.31 SAYBOLT VISCOSITY
3.32 SORPTION OF PLASTICIZER
3.33 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
3.34 SPECIFICATION
3.35 STAINING
3.36 STIFFNESS
3.37 TENSILE PROPERTIES
3.38 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
3.39 UNSAPONIFIABLE CONTENTS
3.40 VISCOSITY OF PLASTISOLS AND ORGANOSOLS
3.41 WATER CONCENTRATION
3.42 WEIGHT LOSS

Chapter 4: TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

4.1 TRANSPORTATION
4.2 STORAGE

Chapter 5: MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION

5.1 CLASSICAL THEORIES
5.2 THE FREE VOLUME THEORY

Chapter 6: THEORIES OF COMPATIBILITY

6.1 COMPATIBILITY CONCEPTS
6.2 SOLUBILITY PARAMETER AND THE COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY
6.3 METHODS OF PLASTICIZER SELECTION BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF COMPATIBILITY
6.4 PRACTICAL APPROACHES IN USING THEORY OF COMPATIBILITY FOR PLASTICIZERS SELECTION
6.5 EXPERIMENTAL DATA ILLUSTRATING EFFECT OF COMPATIBILITY ON PLASTICIZED SYSTEMS

Chapter 7: PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION

7.1 PLASTICIZER DIFFUSION RATE AND THE METHODS OF STUDY
7.2 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN MATRIX
7.3 PLASTICIZER MIGRATION
7.5 ANTIPLASTICIZATION
7.6 EFFECT OF DIFFUSION AND MOBILITY OF PLASTICIZERS ON THEIR SUITABILITY

Chapter 8: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION

8.1 PLASTICIZER CONSUMPTION BY FILLERS
8.2 SOLUBILITY OF ADDITIVES IN PLASTICIZERS
8.3 ADDITIVE MOLECULAR MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
8.4 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON POLYMERIZATION AND CURING REACTIONS

Chapter 9: PLASTICIZATION STEPS

9.1 PLASTICIZATION STEPS
9.2 STUDIES OF PLASTISOL’S BEHAVIOR DURING GELATION AND FUSION

Chapter 10: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS

10.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
10.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
10.3 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES
10.4 GLOSS
10.5 SOUND
10.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
10.7 MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
10.8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
10.9 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF POLYMERS
10.10 FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
10.11 THERMAL DEGRADATION
10.12 EFFECT OF UV AND IONIZED RADIATION ON PLASTICIZED MATERIALS
10.13 HYDROLYSIS
10.14 BIODEGRADATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS
10.15 CRYSTALLIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION OF MACROMOLECULES
10.16 MORPHOLOGY
10.17 PLASTICIZER EFFECT ON CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIALS
10.18 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON SWELLING OF CROSSLINKED ELASTOMERS
10.19 THE SWELLING OF NANO-HETEROGENEOUS COATINGS IN PLASTICIZERS
10.20 PECULIARITIES OF PLASTICIZATION OF POLYURETHANES BY BINARY PLASTICIZERS
10.21 STABILITY OF PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED POLYETHERURETHANE IN A HUMID MEDIUM
10.22 FUSIBLE DIURETHANE PLASTICIZERS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES
10.23 DETERMINATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASTICIZER IN POLYMER
10.24 SELF-HEALING
10.25 SHRINKAGE
10.26 SOILING
10.27 FREE VOLUME
10.28 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER PROPERTIES

Chapter 11: PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS

11.1 ABS
11.2 ACRYLICS
11.3 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER
11.4 BUTYL TERPOLYMER
11.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE
11.6 CELLULOSE BUTYRATES AND PROPIONATES
11.7 CELLULOSE NITRATE
11.8 CHITOSAN
11.9 CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
11.10 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE
11.11 COPOLYMERS
11.12 CYANOACRYLATES
11.13 ETHYLCELLULOSE
11.14 EPOXY RESIN
11.15 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, EPDM
11.16 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA
11.17 IONOMERS
11.18 NITRILE RUBBER
11.19 PERFLUOROPOLYMERS
11.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE
11.21 POLYAMIDE
11.22 POLYAMINE
11.23 POLYANILINE
11.24 POLYBUTADIENE
11.25 POLYBUTYLENE
11.26 POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE)
11.27 POLYCARBONATE
11.28 POLYESTER
11.29 POLYETHERIMIDE
11.30 POLYETHYLACRYLATE
11.31 POLYETHYLENE
11.32 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)
11.33 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)
11.34 POLYISOBUTYLENE
11.35 POLYISOPRENE
11.36 POLYIMIDE
11.37 POLYLACTIDE
11.38 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
11.39 POLYPROPYLENE
11.40 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE)
11.41 POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE)
11.42 POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE)
11.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER)
11.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE)
11.45 POLYSTYRENE
11.46 POLYSULFIDE
11.47 POLYSULFONE
11.49 POLYVINYLACETATE
11.50 POLYVINYLALCOHOL
11.51 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL
11.52 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
11.53 POLYVINYLFLUORIDE
11.54 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE
11.55 POLYVINYLIDENECHLORIDE
11.56 PROTEINS
11.57 RUBBER, NATURAL
11.58 SILICONE
11.59 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER
11.60 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER
11.61 STARCH

Chapter 12: PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS

12.1 PLASTICIZER PARTITION BETWEEN COMPONENT POLYMERS
12.2 INTERACTION OF PLASTICIZERS WITH BLEND COMPONENTS
12.3 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON BLEND PROPERTIES
12.4 BLENDING TO REDUCE OR TO REPLACE PLASTICIZERS

Chapter 13: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

13.1 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
13.2 AEROSPACE
13.3 AGRICULTURE
13.4 AUTOMOTIVE
13.5 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
13.6 COATED FABRICS
13.7 COMPOSITES
13.8 COSMETICS
13.9 CULTURAL HERITAGE
13.10 DENTAL MATERIALS
13.11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
13.12 FIBERS
13.13 FILM
13.14 FOOD
13.15 FLOORING
13.16 FOAMS
13.17 FOOTWEAR
13.18 FUEL CELLS
13.19 GASKETS
13.20 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
13.21 INKS, VARNISHES, AND LACQUERS
13.22 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
13.23 MEMBRANES
13.24 MICROSPHERES
13.25 PAINTS AND COATINGS
13.26 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
13.27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
13.28 PIPES
13.29 ROOFING MATERIALS
13.30 TIRES
13.32 TUBING
13.33 WIRE AND CABLE

Chapter 14: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS

14.1 BLOW MOLDING
14.2 CALENDERING
14.3 COIL COATING
14.4 COMPRESSION MOLDING
14.5 COMPOUNDING (MIXING)
14.6 DIP COATING
14.7 DRY BLENDING
14.8 EXTRUSION
14.9 INJECTION MOLDING
14.10 POLYMER SYNTHESIS
14.12 RUBBER PROCESSING
14.13 THERMOFORMING
14.14 WEB COATING
14.15 WIRE COATING

Chapter 15: SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PLASTICIZER TESTING

15.1 PLASTICIZER IDENTIFICATION
15.2 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PLASTICIZER CONCENTRATION
15.3 DETERMINATION OF VOLATILITY, MOLECULAR MOTION, DIFFUSION, AND MIGRATION
15.4 METHODS OF STUDY OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS

Chapter 16: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN APPLICATION TO PLASTICIZERS

16.1 PVC-PLASTICIZER INTERACTION MODEL
16.2 GAS PERMEATION
16.3 MIGRATION
16.4 DRY-BLENDING TIME
16.5 GELATION AND FUSION
16.6 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
16.7 POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DEHP FROM GLOVES

Chapter 17: HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED MATERIALS

ADDENDUM

Chapter 18: THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF PLASTICIZERS

18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 PLASTICIZERS IN WATER
18.3 SOIL AND SEDIMENT
18.4 ORGANISMS
18.5 AIR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

Chapter 19: REGULATIONS AND DATA

19.1 TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL
19.2 CARCINOGENIC EFFECT
19.3 TERATOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECT
19.4 WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
19.5 EXPOSURE FROM CONSUMER PRODUCTS
19.6 PLASTICIZERS IN DRINKING WATER
19.7 FOOD REGULATORY ACTS
19.8 MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS

Chapter 20: PERSONAL PROTECTION

20.1 CLOTHING
20.2 GLOVES
20.3 EYE PROTECTION
20.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Chapter 21: PLASTICIZER RECOVERY & RECYCLING

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Handbook of Plasticizers

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George Wypych

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