Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing
- 1st Edition - September 1, 2017
- Authors: Saeid Mokhatab, William A. Poe, James G. Speight
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 6 6 9 7 - 2
Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing gives engineers and managers complete coverage of natural gas transmission and processing in the most rapidly growing sector… Read more
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Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing gives engineers and managers complete coverage of natural gas transmission and processing in the most rapidly growing sector to the petroleum industry. The authors provide a unique discussion of new technologies that are energy efficient and environmentally appealing at the same time. It is an invaluable reference on natural gas engineering and the latest techniques for all engineers and managers moving to natural gas processing as well as those currently working on natural gas projects.
- Provides practicing engineers critical information on all aspects of gas gathering, processing and transmission
- First book that treats multiphase flow transmission in great detail
- Examines natural gas energy costs and pricing with the aim of delivering on the goals of efficiency, quality and profit
Petroleum Engineers, Pipeline Engineers, Chemical Engineers, any engineer working with natural gas
Chapter 1: Natural Gas Fundamental1.1 Introduction1.2 Natural Gas History1.3 Natural Gas Origin and Composition1.4 Gas Sources1.4.1 Non-associated Gas1.4.2 Associated Gas1.4.3 Coal Bed Methane 1.5 Natural Gas Phase Behavior1.6 Natural Gas Properties1.6.1 Chemical and Physical Properties1.6.2 Gas Specific Gravity1.6.3 Ideal and Real Gas Laws1.6.4 Gas Formation Volume Factor1.6.5 Gas Density1.6.6 Isothermal Compressibility of Gases1.6.7 Gas Viscosity1.7 Quality1.8 Transportation1.8.1 Pipelines1.8.2 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)1.8.3 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)1.8.4 Gas-to-Solid (GTS)1.8.5 Gas-to-Power (GTP)1.8.6 Gas-to-Liquids (GTL)1.8.7 Gas-to-Commodity (GTC)1.9 ReferencesChapter 2: Natural Gas Energy Pricing2.1 Introduction2.2 Energy Pricing, Supply and Demand2.3 Sustainability and the Increasing Fascination with Natural Gas2.4 Is Natural Gas Always “Non-renewable”?2.5 U.S. Natural Gas – Pricing, Markets, Risk Management, and Supply 2.5.1 Some Features of Current Natural Gas Pricing in the U.S. 2.5.2 U.S. Energy Markets: The Regulation-Deregulation Nexus2.5.3 Energy Price Volatility and Derivatives 2.5.4 Natural Gas Supply in North America 2.5.4.1 The Special Position of the U.S.2.5.4.2 Canada as North American Gas Supplier2.6 Natural Gas in Eurasia: the Special Position of Post-Soviet Russia2.7 Looking to Nature for a New Model2.8 ReferencesChapter 3: Raw Gas Transmission3.1 Introduction 3.2 Multiphase Flow Terminology 3.3 Multiphase Flow Regimes3.3.1 Two-Phase Flow Regimes3.3.1.1 Horizontal Flow Regimes3.3.1.2 Vertical Flow Regimes3.3.1.3 Inclined Flow Regimes3.3.1.4 Flow Pattern Maps3.3.2 Three-Phase Flow Regimes3.4 Calculating Multiphase Flow Pressure Gradients3.4.1 Steady State Two-Phase Flow 3.4.1.1 Single-Phase Flow Approaches3.4.1.2 Homogeneous Flow Approaches3.4.1.2.1 Lockhart and Martinelli Method3.4.1.2.2 Beggs and Brill Method3.4.1.3 Mechanistic Models3.4.2 Steady State Three-Phase Flow 3.4.3 Transient Multiphase Flow 3.4.3.1 Two Fluid Model3.4.3.2 Drift Flux Model3.5 Multiphase Flow in Gas-Condensate Pipelines3.6 Temperature Profile of Multiphase Flow Pipelines3.7 Velocity Criteria for Sizing Multiphase Pipelines3.7.1 Corrosion Criteria3.7.2 Erosion Criteria3.8 Multiphase Flow Assurance3.8.1 Gas Hydrates3.8.1.1 Hydrate Locus for Natural Gas Components3.8.1.2 Prediction of Hydrate Formation Conditions3.8.1.2.1 K-Factor Method3.8.1.2.2 Baillie and Wichert Method3.8.1.2.3 Gas Gravity Method3.8.1.2.4 Commercial Software Packages3.8.1.3 Hydrate Prevention Techniques3.8.1.3.1 Thermal Methods3.8.1.3.2 Chemical Inhibition3.8.1.3.2.1 Types of Inhibitors3.8.1.3.2.2 Prediction of Inhibitor Requirements3.8.1.3.2.2 Design of Injection Systems3.8.2 Corrosion3.8.2.1 Choice of Corrosion Resistant Metals3.8.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors3.8.2.3 Cathodic Protection3.8.2.4 Protective Coatings 3.8.3 Wax 3.8.3.1 Wax Deposition3.8.3.1.1 Wax Deposition Envelope3.8.3.1.2 Gas-Condensate Wax Deposition Envelope3.8.3.2 Wax Formation in Multiphase Gas-Condensate Pipelines3.8.3.2.1 Identification of Wax Deposition Problems3.8.3.2.2 Wax Deposition Inhibition/Prevention3.8.3.2.3 Wax Deposit Remediation3.8.3.2.4 Controlled Production of Wax Deposits3.8.4 Severe Slugging3.8.4.1 Severe Slugging Mechanism3.8.4.2 Stability Analysis3.8.4.3 Prevention and Control of Severe Slugging3.8.4.3.1 Riser Base Gas Injection3.8.4.3.2 Topside Choking3.8.4.3.3 Control Methods3.8.5 Real Time Flow Assurance Monitoring3.9 Multiphase Pipeline Operations3.9.1 Leak Detection 3.9.2 Pigging3.10 ReferencesChapter 4: Basic Concept of Natural Gas Processing4.1 Introduction 4.2 Process Modules 4.3 Scope of Natural Gas Processing 4.3.1 Processing Objectives 4.3.2 Effect of Gas Type in Field Processing 4.3.3 Location of the Gas Field 4.4 References Chapter 5: Phase Separation5.1 Introduction 5.2 Gravity Separators 5.2.1 General Description 5.2.2 Separators Selection 5.2.3 Gravity Separation Theory 5.2.4 Design Considerations 5.2.5 Design Procedure5.2.5.1 Vertical Separators5.2.5.2 Horizontal Separators 5.2.6 Practical Separator Design5.2.7 Operating Problems of Separators5.3 Multistage Separation 5.4 Centrifugal Separators5.5 Twister Supersonic Separator 5.6 Slug Catchers5.7 High Efficiency Liquid-Gas Coalescers5.7.1 Aerosols5.7.2 Coalescer Construction/Operation Principles5.7.3 Modeling the Liquid/Gas Coalescer5.7.4 Coalescer Performance/Operational Limits5.7.5 Liquid/Gas Coalescer Applications5.8 High Efficiency Liquid-Liquid Coalescer5.8.1 Emulsions5.8.2 Coalescer Principles and Materials of construction5.8.3 Coalescer Mechanism of Operation5.8.4 Liquid/Liquid Coalescer Performance5.8.5 Limitations of Using Coalescers5.8.6 Applications 5.9 References Chapter 6: Condensate Stabilization6.1 Introduction6.2 Stabilization Processes6.2.1 Flash Vaporization6.2.2 Stabilization by Fractionation6.2.2.1 Process Description6.2.2.2 Design Consideration of Stabilization Column 6.3 Condensate Storage 6.4 References Chapter 7: Acid Gas Treating7.1 Introduction7.2 Acid Gas Removal Processes7.2.1 Batch Type Processes7.2.1.1 Metal Oxide Processes7.2.1.1.1 Iron Sponge Process7.2.1.1.2 Zinc Oxide Process7.2.1.2 Slurry Processes7.2.1.2.1 Chemsweet Process7.2.1.2.2 Sulfa-Check Process7.2.2 Amine Processes7.2.2.1 Process Description7.2.2.2 Design Considerations 7.2.3 Carbonate Washing and Water Washing7.2.4 Methanol Based Processes7.2.5 Other Processes7.2.6 Process Selection7.3 Sulfur Recovery Processes7.4 References Chapter 8: Natural Gas Compression8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reciprocating Compressors 8.3 Centrifugal Compressors 8.4 Comparison Between Compressors 8.5 Thermodynamics of Gas Compression8.6 Real Gas Behavior and Equation of State8.7 Compressors Sizing Procedure 8.7.1 Compression Ratio 8.7.2 Determining Compression Number of Stages8.7.3 Estimating BHP8.8 Compressor Control8.8.1 Reciprocating Compressors8.8.2 Centrifugal Compressors8.9 Compressor Performance Map8.9.1 Reciprocating Compressors8.9.2 Centrifugal Compressors8.10 ReferencesChapter 9: Gas Dehydration9.1 Introduction 9.2 Water Content Determination 9.3 Gas Dehydration Using Glycol 9.3.1 Choice of Glycol 9.3.2 Process Description 9.3.3 Design Considerations 9.3.4 Glycol Dehydrator Operational Problems 9.4 Solid Bed Dehydration 9.4.1 Desiccant Capacity 9.4.2 Desiccant Selection 9.4.3 Process Description 9.4.4 Design Considerations 9.4.5 Adsorber Sizing Procedure 9.4.6 Solid Bed Dehydrator Operational Problems 9.5 ReferencesChapter 10 Natural Gas Liquids Recovery10.1 Introduction 10.2 NGL Recovery Processes 10.2.1 Refrigeration Processes10.2.1.1 Mechanical Refrigeration10.2.1.2 Self Refrigeration10.2.1.3 Cryogenic Refrigeration10.2.2 Lean Oil Absorption 10.2.3 Solid Bed Adsorption10.2.4 Membrane Separation Process 10.2.5 Selection of NGL Recovery Processes 10.3 NGL Fractionation 10.3.1 Fractionator Operation 10.3.2 Fractionator Design 10.3.3 Design Procedure 10.4 Gasoline and LPG Treating 10.4.1 Doctor Process 10.4.2 Merox Process 10.5 References Chapter 11: Sales Gas Transmission11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gas Flow Fundamentals 11.2.1 General Flow Equation 11.2.2 Friction Factor Correlations 11.2.3 Practical Flow Equations 11.3 Predicting Gas Temperature Profile 11.4 Transient Flow in Gas Transmission Pipelines11.5 Compressor Stations and Associated Pipeline Installations11.5.1 Compressor Stations Drivers11.5.2 Compressors Configurations11.5.3 Reduction and Metering Stations11.5.3.1 Filters11.5.3.2 Heaters11.5.3.3 Pressure Reduction and Regulation System11.5.3.4 Metering System11.6 Design Considerations of Sales Gas Pipelines11.6.1 Line Sizing Criteria11.6.2 Compressor Station Spacing11.6.3 Compression Power 11.7 Pipeline Operations11.8 References Chapter 12: Gas Processing Plant Controls and Automation12.1 Introduction12.2 Early Methods of Gas Plant Automation12.3 Microprocessor Based Automation12.3.1 Programmable Logic Controllers12.3.2 Distributed Control Systems12.3.2.1 Remote Control Panel12.3.2.2 Communications Medium12.3.2.3 Central Control12.3.3 Standards and Protocols12.4 Control of Equipment and Process Systems12.4.1 Gas Gathering12.4.2 Gas Treating12.4.3 Sulfur Recovery12.4.4 Gas Dehydration12.4.4.1 Absorption12.4.4.2 Adsorbents12.4.5 Liquid Recovery12.4.5.1 Condensate Stabilization12.4.5.2 Refrigeration12.4.5.3 Cryogenic Recovery (Turboexpander Processes)12.4.5.4 Demethanizer12.4.6 NGL Fractionation12.4.7 Centrifugal Compressors12.4.8 Centrifugal Pumps12.4.9 Reciprocating Pumps12.4.10 Utilities12.5 Automation Applications12.5.1 Data Historians12.5.2 Asset and Performance Management12.5.3 Statistical Process Control12.5.4 Advanced Regulatory Control12.5.5 Multivariable Predictive Control12.5.6 Optimization12.5.7 Leveraging Automation12.5.7.1 Automation Upgrade Master Plans12.5.7.2 Determining The Benefits12.5.7.2.1 Baselining12.5.7.2.2 Statistical Analysis12.5.7.2.3 Performance Improvement Initiatives12.6 Condensate Stabilizer Case Study12.7 ReferencesChapter 13: Dynamic Simulation of Gas Processing Plants13.1 Introduction13.2 Areas of Application of Dynamic Simulation13.2.1 Plant Design13.2.1.1 Controllability and Operability13.2.1.2 Safety Analysis13.2.1.3 Start-up Procedure Definition13.2.1.4 DCS Check-out13.2.1.5 Operator Training13.2.1.6 Advanced Process Control13.2.2 Plant Operation13.2.2.1 Troubleshooting13.2.2.2 Plant Performance Enhancement13.2.2.3 Incident Analysis13.2.2.4 Operator Decision Support13.2.2.5 Operator Training13.2.2.6 Advanced Process Control (APC)13.3 Modeling Considerations13.3.1 Level of Detail in the Model13.3.2 Model Speed13.3.3 Equipment Specific Considerations13.3.3.1 Valves13.3.3.2 Rotating Equipment13.3.3.3 Piping Equipment13.3.3.4 Columns13.3.3.5 Heat Exchangers13.3.3.6 Control Systems13.4 Control of Equipment and Process Systems13.4.1 Gas Gathering and Transportation13.4.2 Gas Treating13.4.3 Sulfur Recovery13.4.4 Gas Dehydration13.4.5 Liquids Recovery, Natural Gas Liquefaction13.4.6 NGL Fractionation13.5 Case Study I: Analysis of a Fuel Gas System Startup13.5.1 Introduction13.5.2 Steady State Analysis13.5.3 Dynamic Analysis13.5.4 Conclusion13.6 Case Study II: Online Dynamic Model of a Trunk Pipeline13.7 ReferencesChapter 14 Environmental Aspects of Gas Processing and Use14.1 Introduction14.2 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Processing 14.2.1 Air Pollutant Emissions14.2.2 Gas Flaring Emissions14.2.3 Methane Emissions14.2.3.1 Pneumatic Devices14.2.3.2 Dehydrator Systems14.2.3.3 Vapor Recovery Units 14.2.3.4 Compressors14.2.3.5 Cryogenic Equipment14.2.3.6 Flares14.2.3.7 Methane Emissions Reduction14.2.4 Water Pollution14.2.5 Soil Pollution14.2.6 Pollution Prevention14.3 Emissions from Natural Gas Use14.3.1 Combustion Emissions14.3.2 Acid Rain Formation 14.3.3 Smog Formation14.3.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions14.3.5 Industrial and Electric Generation Emissions14.4 Protocols and Environmental Programs14.5 Environmental Management System14.6 ReferencesChapter 15 Maximizing Profitability of Gas Plant Assets15.1 Introduction15.2 The Performance Strategy – Integrated Gas Plant15.3 Strategies for Organizational Behavior and Information15.4 Organizational Behavior Model15.4.1 Information Quality15.4.2 Perception of Information15.4.2.1 Two Dimensional Curves and Plots15.4.2.2 Prediction Trends15.4.2.3 Dynamic Performance Measures15.4.2.4 Performance Messages15.4.3 Capability to Perform15.4.4 Organizational Hierarchy of Needs15.4.5 Behavior15.5 The Successful Information Strategy15.6 The Impact of Living with Information Technology15.7 Vision of the Modern Plant Operation15.8 Operations Strategy15.9 Model Based Asset Management15.10 Optimization15.10.1 Tools for Optimization15.10.2 Optimization Alternatives15.11 Industrial Relevance15.12 The Technology Integration Challenge15.13 Scientific Approach15.14 Other Miscellaneous Initiatives15.15 Conclusion15.16 ReferencesChapter 16 Gas Plant Project Management16.1 Introduction16.2 Project Management Overview16.3 Industry Perspective16.4 The Project Management Process16.4.1 Defining Business and Project Objectives16.4.1.1 The Project Charter 16.4.1.2 Project Team Roles and Responsibilities16.4.2 Contracting Strategy16.4.3 Conceptual Estimates and Schedules16.4.4 Project Execution Planning16.4.5 Pre Project Planning Measurement16.4.6 The Responsibility Matrix 16.5 Project Controls16.5.1 Project Timeline 16.5.2 Risk Management16.5.2.1 Project Risk Management Methodology 16.5.2.2 Risk Response Planning16.5.2.3 Developing Risk Response Strategies16.5.2.4 Qualitative Project Risk Management16.5.2.5 Quantitative Project Risk Management Assessment 16.5.2.6 Risk Process Modelling 16.5.2.7 Project Risk Management in Interaction with other Management Processes 16.5.2.8 Other Risk Mitigation Concepts16.6 Quality Assurance16.7 Commissioning and Start-up16.8 Operate and Evaluate16.9 Project Closeout16.10 Conclusion16.11 ReferencesAppendix 1 Three-Phase Flash Calculation for Hydrocarbon Systems Containing Water Appendix 2 Conversion Factors Appendix 3 Physical Properties of Fluids Appendix 4 Glossary Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: September 1, 2017
- Language: English
SM
Saeid Mokhatab
Saeid Mokhatab is a distinguished process technology expert in the field of natural gas transmission and processing. Over the past two decades, he has been actively involved in various phases of several large-scale projects in the natural gas midstream sector, from conceptual design to facility startup and operational support. In addition to his project work, Saeid has also provided consulting and advisory services to a number of technology-driven and operating companies in Canada and Europe. He has made significant contributions to his field through more than 300 technical papers and four reference books, published by Elsevier, two of which have been translated into multiple languages and are recognized globally as essential resources in both industry and academia. Driven by a commitment to bridging the gap between industry and academia, Saeid founded an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to natural gas science and engineering, which is now recognized as one of the foremost publications in the field. He has also contributed to the natural gas industry through editorial roles in respected journals and industry magazines, along with active participation in prominent global organizations and conferences.
Affiliations and expertise
Consultant – Natural Gas Midstream Industry, Arendal, NorwayWP
William A. Poe
William A. “Bill” Poe is a Senior Principal Technical Consultant at AVEVA, the United States. He has over 35 years of international business and industrial experience in design, operations and project management of gas processing plants with a special focus on automation, multivariable predictive control (MPC), advanced process control (APC), optimization design and implementation, and real-time performance monitoring. Bill started his career at Shell Oil Company, USA, in 1981, working over a decade in natural gas processing plants operations and engineering as well as management of multimillion-dollar projects. In 1993, he joined Continental Controls to lead the process engineering department in support of executing contracts with the Gas Research Institute, USA, where he developed new multivariable control applications in the natural gas industry. After joining GE as part of the Continental Controls acquisition, he became vice president of this division of GE where his responsibilities included direction of product development, projects, technical sales support, and customer service for multivariable control and optimization applications in the natural gas industry. In 2001, Bill joined Invensys Process Systems, USA, where he has developed APC and Optimization Master Plans for international companies such as Saudi Aramco, ADNOC, Statoil, and PDVSA, as well as automation and advanced process control feasibility studies for over 100 natural gas processing plants worldwide. After Schneider Electric acquired Invensys Process Systems in 2014 and merged its software division with AVEVA in 2018, he has continued to work with the top gas processing companies. Bill is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, has authored or co-authored more than 60 technical papers, and made numerous technical presentations at prestigious international conferences. He received the GE Innovators Award in 1999 and attained the Invensys Circle of Excellence in 2011.
Affiliations and expertise
Senior Principal Technical Consultant, AVEVA, USAJS
James G. Speight
Dr. Speight has more than fifty years of experience in areas associated with the properties and processing of conventional and synthetic fuels. He has participated in, as well as led, significant research in defining the use of chemistry of tar sand bitumen, heavy oil, conventional petroleum, natural gas, coal, oil shale, and biomass as well as work related to corrosion and corrosion prevention. He has founded and/or edited several international journals, most recently the Proceedings of the Oil Gas Scientific Research Project Institute, Azerbaijan, and Petroleum Science and Technology (Taylor & Francis, until 2020).
Dr. Speight is an author/editor of several databases and encyclopedic works. He has also authored more than 95 books as well as more than 400 publications, reports, and presentations detailing these research activities, and has taught more than eighty related courses.
Affiliations and expertise
CD and W Incorporated, Laramie, USARead Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing on ScienceDirect