Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and Nutrition
- 1st Edition - May 30, 2025
- Editor: Tanmoy Rana
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 8 2 0 - 7
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 8 2 1 - 4
Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and Nutrition emphasizes new applications to promote healthy milk production, processing, and product development in the milk industry, highli… Read more
Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and Nutrition emphasizes new applications to promote healthy milk production, processing, and product development in the milk industry, highlighting the role clean milk has in the prevention of health and disease. Sections cover the general aspects of milk production and its environmental impact on animal health, explain milk’s global nutritional appeal and its role as a source of both macro and micronutrients for human health, address issues of lactose intolerance and how this ailment is perceived globally, and discuss milk’s relevance on bone, ocular, and gut health.
Finally, the book brings awareness to milk’s microbial pathogens, toxins, and heavy metals, and health concerns, while also updating on regulatory health and nutrition claims and recent legislative developments.
Finally, the book brings awareness to milk’s microbial pathogens, toxins, and heavy metals, and health concerns, while also updating on regulatory health and nutrition claims and recent legislative developments.
- Discusses the nutritional, physiochemical, and functional aspects of milk from farm-to-table
- Highlights milk’s role in bone, oral, and gut health
- Details safe and clean milk production, processing, and quality management practices
- Identifies various milk adulterations and their relevance to public health
Researchers working in the food sciences in the fields of nutrition, dairy, food hygiene, agro-food science, public health and disease prevention
Contributors
About the editor
Part I
General aspect of milk production
1. General introduction of milking
DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, UTKARSH TRIPATHI, ANURADHA KUMARI, AND TANMAY RANA
Introduction
Milking methods
Milking practices
Milk quality and safety
Conclusion
References
2. Impact of nutritional management and environmental indices on animal health
S. YOGESHPRIYA AND L. SOWMIYA
Introduction
Nutritional factors
Carbohydrate
Protein
Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Minerals
Macrominerals
Microminerals
Water
Environmental factors
Photoperiod
Humidity
Housing system
Air movement
Contact surfaces
Conclusion
References
Further reading
3. Various procedures of machine milking
JAYSUKH B. KATHIRIYA
Introduction
The machine milked animals throughout the world
Milking principles
Milking machine components and effects on milk harvesting and quality
Milking practices
Milking management of animals
Conclusions
References
4. Physiochemical properties of milk
M.M. PATHAN
Introduction
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Physiological properties of milk
Factors affecting physiochemical properties of milk
Conclusion
Further reading
5. Composition and nutritive value of milk and factors affecting composition of milk
ANIL KUMAR, B.K. BHARTI, SONAM BHATT, RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR MANDAL, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Milk composition and its nutritional significance
Factors affecting the composition of milk
References
Further reading
6. Impact of cow nutrition on sustainable milk production
AMITAVA ROY, PROBHAKAR BISWAS, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Productivity and nutrition
Efficiency and production
Partitioning of nutrients and feed intake
The environmental effects of milk production and nutrient cycling
Availability of water and climate change will hardline feed production
Crop rotation and diversification on dairy farms
Future grains and forages
Profitability and nutrition
Conclusion
References
Further reading
7. Impact of heat stress on milk production
VIPIN MAURYA AND DEEPJYOTI ROY
Major causes of heat stress
References
8. Environmental indices on lactation
AMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, AND PROBHAKAR BISWAS
Introduction
Environmental factors as a potential source of risk
Stress reaction
Energy suitability
Signs of environmental risk
Strictly linked to reproduction in dairy cattle
Conclusion
References
9. Major milking efficiency and frequent milk removal in relation to lactation
JAYSUKH B. KATHIRIYA
Mammary anatomy
Initiation of lactation (lactogenesis)
Control of prolactin production
Maintenance of lactation (galactopoiesis)
Milk ejection
Mammary involution
Milk secretion rate
Factors affecting the yield and composition of milk
Biochemistry of milk secretion
Effects of hormones on milk secretion and mammary development
Genetically superior cows and bSTH-treated cows
Alternate methods for increasing the efficiency of lactation
Summary
References
10. Rumen microbiota in sustainable milk production
SONAM BHATT, ANIL KUMAR, RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR MANDAL, JYOTI KUMARI, MANISH SINGH, AND BHAVNA
Introduction
Rumen fermentation
Ruminal microbiota
Rumen bacteria
Rumen protozoa
Rumen fungi
Rumen virus
Role of the rumen microbiota in bovine health
Subacute ruminal acidosis
Role of rumen microbiota in sustainable milk production
Factors affecting rumen microbiota
Host factor
Diet
Stress
References
11. Role of fatty acids in milk production
AMARJEET, DAPINDER SINGH, BHAVNA JHA, AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
Role of fatty acids in milk fat synthesis
Fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows
Dietary sources of fatty acids for dairy cows
Health implications of fatty acids in milk
Conclusion
References
12. Impact of reproductive management and fertility on milk production
SAMUEL UCHENNA FELIX
Introduction
Fertility and milk production association: A physiological justification
The association between fertility and milk production: A genetic analysis
Impact of nutrition on reproductive ability
Conclusion
References
13. Udder health, infection, and its management
MOHAMED S. KAMEL AND NOHA M. BAKRY
Introduction
Importance of udder health in dairy farming
Udder anatomy and physiology
Risk factors influencing udder health
Common udder infections in dairy cows
Diagnosis and treatment of udder infections
Therapeutic approaches for udder infection
Prevention and control strategies for udder health
Future trends in udder health management
Conclusion
References
14. Impact of nutritional profiles in animal health and milk production efficiency
S.K.I. VASANTHA, NAVEEN SWAROOP MURIKIPUDI, AND K. VARIJ NAYAN
Understanding the role of food nutrient profiles in animal diets
Importance of a balanced diet for livestock
Conclusion
References
15. Microbiological hazards in milk production, processing and products development
G. SHALINI AND N. GURUNATHAN
Introduction
Microbiological risks in the supply chain of dairy products
Microbiological risks in the cow’s milk processing supply chain
Hygienic dairy processing practices
Microbiological risks in the main milk pathways for sheep and goats
Possible steps to reduce the risk of microbes in the dairy supply chain
Food safety systems based on critical control points and hazard analysis
Conclusions
References
16. Additive and nonadditive genetic effects on milk production
JAY PRAKASH GUPTA, MAYANK V. DARJI, JAGDISH D. CHAUDHARI, AND PRAVIN B. PUROHIT
Introduction
Types of gene actions governing traits
Additive gene actions
Nonadditive gene actions
Heterosis
Methodology to estimate the nonadditive gene effect and heterosis
Breeding strategies for utilization of nonadditive gene actions
Various studies conducted for estimation of nonadditive genetic components
Conclusion
AI disclosure
References
Further reading
17. Clinical mastitis and its management
GAURAV CHARAYA, JASLEEN KAUR, AVNI CHAUHAN, AND DIVYA AGNIHOTRI
Introduction
Etiology
Risk factors associated with clinical mastitis
Clinical signs
Management of clinical mastitis
References
18. Subclinical mastitis and its management
GAURAV CHARAYA, JASLEEN KAUR, DIVYA AGNIHOTRI, AND PRIYANKA GAHLOT
Introduction
Etiology
Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in cattle
Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis
Molecular tools for diagnosis
Acute phase protein (APPs)
Serum proteome analysis
Milk enzymatic activity tests
Management of subclinical mastitis
Conclusion
References
19. Management and technologies to alleviate stress in cows
VASANTHA S.K.I., NAVEEN SWAROOP MURIKIPUDI, K. VARIJ NAYAN, RAJESH KUMAR, ANURADHA BHARADWAJ, ASWANI KUMAR K., AND ASHOK KUMAR MOHANTY
Introduction
Thermal stress
Temperature humidity index (THI) and its role in assessing heat stress
Effect of thermal stress on milk productivity
Effect of environmental stress on stage of lactation
Stress biomarkers
Management and technologies to alleviate stress in cows
Genetic improvement through heat-tolerant breeds
Heat shock proteins (HSPs)
Cytokines
Dietary strategies—Ameliorated nutritional management
Inclusion of anti-oxidants (vitamins)
Physical modification of the environment
Conclusion
References
Part II
Impact of milk on human health
20. Milk: A global nutrition appeal
ASMAA ELREFAEY AND NOURHAN EISSA
Introduction
Milk production process
Recent advances in milk processing or dairy industry
Milk collection
Pasteurized milk
Section 2: Milk quality assurance
Factors affecting milk composition of lactating cows
Normal sources of variation in composition
Maximizing rumen function can increase milk components
Grain feeding
Grain processing
Ration fiber levels
Protein feeding guidelines
Analysis of milk adulteration
Microbiological analysis
Total bacterial count
Enumeration of total and fecal coliforms
Staphylococcus aureus count
Enumeration of Salmonella
Enumeration of Escherichia coli
Yeast and mold count (YMC)
Section 3: Milk nutrition and health benefits
References
21. Milk: Nutrition, health benefits, and its consequences
ANKITA PATEL, VAIBHAV PATEL, ABHISHEK PATHAK, AND KRITIKA DHIAL
Introduction
Milk composition
Milk constituents
Milk consumption: Nutrition and health benefits
Conclusion
References
Further reading
22. Impact of the environment on milk production and aspects of its constituents for human consumption
VIKAS DIWAKAR, RANGASAI CHANDRA GOLI, PRAMOD KUMAR, AND RAJESH KUMAR
Introduction
Milk production statistics
Genetics influencing milk production
Genetics to genomics in milk production
Genomic breeding model for dairy cattle selection
Genomic factors for productions
Genome editing in dairy cattle
Crossbreeding strategy for establishing environment-resilient cattle
Newly proposed breeding approach for the dairy industry
Environment impact on diets of humans
Conclusion
References
23. Role of milk as a source of macronutrients for human health
DEEPAK CHOPRA, PRATIKSHA, AMARJEET AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
Definition of milk
Composition of milk
Factors affecting milk composition
Macronutrients present in milk
Other bioactive components
Milk: Health benefits
Conclusion and future prospects
References
24. Role of milk as a source of micronutrients for human health
SANJEEV KUMAR, SONAM KUMARI, SURYAMNI KUMAR, JUI LODH, AND V.P. APARNA
Introduction
Vitamins in milk
Minerals in milk
Beneficial effects of milk micronutrients on human health
Bioactive peptides in milk
Health benefits of milk-derived bioactive peptides
Impact of heat treatment on milk micronutrients
Effect on minerals
Effect on vitamins
Micronutrient fortification and enrichment in milk
Conclusion
References
25. Milk and disease prevention: Help or harm
AMARJEET, AMANDEEP, PRIYA KALYAN, AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
References
26. Milk on bone, oral, and gut health
M. BINDU PUSHPA, CRIS JOHN SANJEEV, AND SALUR SRIHITHA
Contents of milk
Role of milk constituents in gut health
Effect of TGF-b on the intestinal barrier
Impact of processing methods on active ingredient content and gut barrier health
Influence of milk constituents on oral health
Definitions and misconceptions
Milk constituents and dental pellicle
Animal studies on milk and caries
Milk as a vehicle for antibodies
Effect of dairy products on mineral retention and prevention of alveolar bone loss
Effect of dairy products on dental plaque and periodontal disease
Cariostatic effects of cheese
Studies on dairy intake and oral health
Milk and early childhood caries
Role of cheese in caries prevention
Mechanisms of action
Dairy products and oral health in adults
Caries prevention
Periodontal health
Milk on bone health
The role of milk in bone health
The importance of calcium in bone health
Milk proteins and their role in bone health
Fermented milk products and bone health
Fermented milk and osteoporotic bone loss
Milk-derived peptides and bone metabolism
Calcium intake and bone health
Casein phosphopeptides and bone health
Mechanisms of action of milk-derived bioactive peptides
The role of diet and lifestyle in bone health
Future research and perspectives
Conclusion
References
27. Lactose intolerance: A global problem?
PARAG ACHARYA, ABHIJEET FERNANDES, MANISH K. CHATLI, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Attributes of lactose: Understanding the characteristics of milk sugar
Development and dynamics of lactase activity in infants
Evolutionary dynamics of lactase persistence
Genetic basis of lactase persistence and polymorphism
Lactose: influence on gut health, microbiota, and immune development
Epidemiology
Etiology
Differential diagnosis
Medical tests
Management of lactose intolerance
Dietary modification
Enhancing healthcare team outcomes
Adult dietary management
Advancements in lactose research: Insights from a comprehensive consensus meeting
Conclusions
References
28. Regulatory health and nutrition claim framework and recent legislative developments
PRANAV CHAUHAN, N.K. NAYAK, P.K. SINGH, AND R.P. SINGH
Introduction
Nutrition claims
Regulation on authorization of health and nutritional claims
Prohibited claims rules in India
Summary
References
Further reading
29. Microbial pathogens, toxins, and heavy metals and its impact on consumer health
PRANAV ANJARIA, VARUN ASEDIYA, JITENDRAKUMAR NAYAK, JEETENDRAKUMAR CHAUDHARY, AND M.N. BRAHMBHATT
Introduction
Evolution of milk-borne diseases through history
Sources of contamination in milk production
Milk-borne infections, intoxications, and toxi-infections
Effects of microbial pathogens on consumer health
Economic impact
Prevention of milk-borne infections
Toxins
Heavy metals in milk
Prevention of toxins and heavy metals
Conclusions
References
30. Milk protein allergy
A.S. SOBANA, A. ELANGO, AND S. UDHAYAVEL
Introduction
Milk composition and allergen composition of milk
Cow milk proteins
Cow milk protein allergy
Prevalence of MPA
Clinical symptoms of MPA
Cow milk versus breastfed milk
Lactose intolerance versus milk protein allergy
Immune pathogenesis of milk protein allergy
Diagnostic procedures
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusions
References
Part III
Milking, equipment, and hazards
31. Milking premises, equipment, and routine-based clean milk production
J.B. KATHIRIYA, S.H. SINDHI, K.R. BHEDI, AND A.P. SUTHAR
Introduction
Milking biosecurity in cattle dairy farms
Milking parlor hygiene
Conclusions
References
32. Impact of sanitation on milk production
ANURADHA KUMARI, UTKARSH KUMAR TRIPATHI, MANISH KUMAR, AND ANSHUMAN KUMAR
Introduction
Effect of milking practices on milk quality and hygiene
Impact of environmental sanitation on milk production
Impact of premilking practices on milk hygiene
Effects of postmilk handling practices on milk hygiene
References
33. Supplies of water during milking
AMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, MADHUCHHANDA KHAN, AND RATNESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY
Introduction
Water intake and requirements
Symptoms of too much or too little water intake
Techniques for measuring water intake
Problems with water quality
Checking water quality
Adequate watering facilities
Water consumption in dairy animals: Factors and control techniques
Conclusion
References
34. Organization setup and impact of machine milking
AWLESH KUMAR VIDYARTHI
Introduction
Conclusion
35. Various sources of milk contamination
SWOTANTRA DANGI
Introduction
Milk contamination
Milk adulteration in Nepal
Milk adulteration with neutralizer
Chemical analysis of adulterated milk
Milk quality testing methods
Points to be considered to avoid milk contamination
Quality control in milk
Conclusion and way forward
References
Further reading
36. Chemical residues in milk and their consequences
JOE S. SMITH AND PATRICIA DOWLING
Introduction
Regulation of veterinary drug residues in milk
Specific regulations
Regulatory approval: Toxicity testing
Potential effects of antimicrobial residues from milk on human gastrointestinal microflora
Causes of violative residues
Withdrawal times
On-farm practices for milk residue mitigation
Detection of residues in milk
Residue detection programs
Preventing residues: Advisory organizations
Consequences of residues in milk
Future directions
References
37. Application of detergents and disinfectants in the milk industry
VIVEK SAHU AND PRIYA DHATTARWAL
Introduction
Dairy soil
Cleaning
Detergents
Caustic soda
Soda ash
Trisodium phosphate
Sodium metasilicate
Risks associated with alkaline detergents
Acid cleaners components
Common acid cleaners
Risks associated with acid cleaners
Selection of detergents
Disinfectants
Health impact
Environmental issues
Conclusion
References
Part IV
Milk processing
38. Handling and processing of milk from collection to pasteurization: An overview
DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, ANNADA DAS, DHANANJAY KUMAR, AND SAURABH KARUNAMAY
Introduction
Collection of raw milk
Chilling of milk
Milk reception operations
Standardization
Methods of standardization
Pasteurization
Different types of pasteurization processes
Basic components of a standard HTST system
Pasteurization efficiency
Ultra-high-temperature pasteurization
Conclusion
References
39. Milk treatment, homogenization, bactofugation
M. SAHITYARANI
Pasteurization
Homogenization
Bactofugation
40. Microbiological deterioration of milk and milk products
M. SAHITYARANI
Introduction
Sources of microbial contamination
Types of microbial deterioration
Factors affecting proteinase production and activity
Proteinase-inducing spoilage
Lipolysis
Lipase-inducing spoilage
Gas production
Ropiness
Fluid milk product spoilage
UHT milk spoilage
Spoilage of concentrated milk products
Dried milk spoilage
Ice cream spoilage
Fermented milk products spoilage
Cheese spoilage
41. Layout of milk processing plant and its management
SANJEEV KUMAR, SONAM KUMARI, SURYAMANI KUMAR, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Importance of dairy plant design layout
Legal and commercial aspects of plant design
Key considerations during designing of dairy plant layout
Different types of layouts
Arrangements of different sections in the dairy plant
Requirement of dairy floors and floors for different sections
Selection of building materials
Structural aspects of dairy plant
Drain and drain layout for small and large dairies
Ventilation, illumination, and fly control
Conclusions
References
42. Preparation of milk byproducts
AMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, AND MADHUCHHANDA KHAN
Introduction
Whey and whey-based products
Skimmed milk-based byproducts
Buttermilk
Indigenous milk enzymes
The milk fat globule membrane
Milk salts
Milk and whey permeates
Colostrum
Conclusion
References
43. Characterization of functional milk products
GHULAM MURTAZA, FAKIHA KALIM, AND ADAN AAFREEN
Introduction
Uses and benefits of milk products
Milk products
Conclusion
References
44. Dried, dehydrated, and fermented milk
GHULAM MURTAZA AND RAZIA KAUSAR
Introduction
Drying of fermented milk products
Types of dried milk and milk substitutes: Production, storage, and nutritional considerations
Types of dried fermented milk
Challenges
Conclusion
References
45. Defects in milk products: Their causes and prevention
S.V. LONDHE, S.N. RINDHE, AND D.P. PATIL
Further reading
46. Packaging, transportation, storage and distribution of milk and milk products
SACHIN KUMAR SHANDILYA, ALOK MISHRA, ABHISHEK PATHAK, AND KRITIKA DHIAL
Introduction
Packaging in the dairy industry
Packaging materials
Milk transportation
Milk storage
Cleaning and sterilization practices
Milk distribution
Conclusion
47. Cleaning and sanitation in milk plant
ANNADA DAS, KAUSHIK SATYAPRAKASH, DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, AND SOUTI PRASAD SARKHEL
Introduction
Importance of cleaning and sanitation in a milk plant
Terms associated with cleaning and sanitation in a milk plant
Objectives of milk plant cleaning and sanitation
Principles of milk plant cleaning and sanitation
Organization of cleaning schedule
Procedure of cleaning and sanitation
Dairy detergents
Ideal properties of a good detergent
Type of detergents
Methods of cleaning
Advantages of CIP
Different types of CIP systems used in dairy plants
Dairy sanitizers
Properties of a good sanitizer
Type of sanitizers used in milk plants
Considerations for effective cleaning and sanitation
Roles of food safety management systems (FSMS) in milk plant cleaning and sanitation
Verification of the efficiency of cleaning and sanitation processes in a milk plant
Conclusion
References
48. Organic milk and organic milk products
PRIYA, RACHANA SHARMA, VIVEK SAHU, AND VANDITA MISHRA
Introduction
Status of organic milk in India
Key players for organic dairy industry in India
Insight into differences between organic and conventionally produced milk
Organic milk preference: Is it a matter of information?
Environmental impact assessment of organic milk production
Challenges in organic milk production
Organic milk products
Common organic milk products
History of organic milk and organic milk products
Regulations for organic milk products
Conclusion
References
49. Good manufacturing practices and implementation of HACCP in milk plant
SAURABH KARUNAMAY, DHANANJAY KUMAR, DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, AND RAKSHANDA M. MADAVI
Good manufacturing practices
Implementation of HACCP in dairy industry
Further reading
50. Food safety and standards for milk and milk products
MRINMOYEE SARMA, MONOSHREE SARMA, AND PHUNU TALUKDAR
Introduction
Terms related to food safety
Clean milk and public health
FSSAI standards for milk and milk products
Ultraheat treatment milk (UHT milk)
General principles
Quality
Food standards and regulations in India
Different FSSAI standards for milk and milk products
Physicochemical properties of milk
FSSAI standards for various kinds of milk products
Various methods employed for analyzing milk and its products
Tests for quality control of milk
Methods employed for determination of the total bacterial load of milk and milk products
FSSAI standards on composite dairy products
New regulations of FSSAI on Milk Analogs
Importance of analyzing milk and milk products
51. Dairy effluent treatment
AKHIL KUMAR JHA, SONAM BHARDWAJ, S.R. PRASHANTHINI, AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
Composition of dairy effluent
Dairy effluent treatment
Electrocoagulation (EC) method
Alternative treatment procedures
Step-by-step treatment of dairy effluent
Conclusion
References
52. Biological hazards associated with milk and milk processing and its impacts on consumer health
UGOCHUKWU F. OGBODO AND AYOMIDE O. ADERETI
Introduction
Milk collection process
Milk processing
Biological hazards in milk: Effects on consumer health
Prevention of milk contamination
References
53. Impact of mastitis on the composition and quality of milk
PREETI LAKHANI, ANKITA RAUTELA, POOJA SINGH PUNIA, AND RAHUL PREET SINGH
Introduction
Types of mastitis
Infectious causes
Noninfectious causes
Impact of mastitis on milk composition
Milk composition and association with high somatic cell count
Preventing and managing mastitis
Conclusion
References
Further reading
54. Dairy value chain and critical stakeholders for added value products
DHANANJAY KUMAR AND SADHANA OJHA
Introduction
Elements of the dairy value chain
Value chain supporters
Organizational systems and approaches
Fundamental activities of the value chain
Value chain supporting activities
Potential and limitations
Sustainability: Prone or peril
Challenges and recommendations
Conclusion and recommendations
References
Further reading
55. Quality control guidelines and assurance of raw and processed milk
CHAITALI CHAKRABORTY, AND PAVEL ROUT
Introduction
Significance of raw and processed milk in human health
Concept of quality control
Quality assurance
Raw milk quality control
Process milk quality control
Regulatory compliance and standards
Conclusion
References
56. Milk quality standard evaluation methods to assess physical, chemical, and biological parameters
R. SIVACHANDIRAN, NAVYA SRI BAIRI, PORTEEN KANNAN, S SURESHKANNAN, RITA NARAYANAN, S. GURUSARAN, AND G. MOHAMED HASIF
Introduction
Importance of milk quality
Evaluation of physical quality of milk
Evaluation of chemical quality of milk
Evaluation of biological quality of milk
Conclusion
References
Further reading
57. Innovative technologies to promote healthy milk production, processing, and quality assurance for product development in milk industry
VARUN ASEDIYA, PRANAV ANJARIA, AND AJAY NAYAK
Introduction
Advancements in milk production
Innovations in milk processing
Quality assurance in the dairy industry
Product development and market trends
Conclusion
References
58. One health approach in food (milk) safety
SINA SALAJEGHEH TAZERJI, PARISA ASGHARPOUR, SARAH MOJTABAVI, FATEMEH JAHEDI PARIZI, MELINA MAGHSOUDLOONEJAD, HOMA MOHAMMADI FARD, AND ROOZBEH KALANTARI
Overview of sustainable food production challenges
Role of the One Health approach in promoting sustainable food production
Importance of environment stewardship and conservation in sustainable food production
References
Further reading
Index
About the editor
Part I
General aspect of milk production
1. General introduction of milking
DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, UTKARSH TRIPATHI, ANURADHA KUMARI, AND TANMAY RANA
Introduction
Milking methods
Milking practices
Milk quality and safety
Conclusion
References
2. Impact of nutritional management and environmental indices on animal health
S. YOGESHPRIYA AND L. SOWMIYA
Introduction
Nutritional factors
Carbohydrate
Protein
Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Minerals
Macrominerals
Microminerals
Water
Environmental factors
Photoperiod
Humidity
Housing system
Air movement
Contact surfaces
Conclusion
References
Further reading
3. Various procedures of machine milking
JAYSUKH B. KATHIRIYA
Introduction
The machine milked animals throughout the world
Milking principles
Milking machine components and effects on milk harvesting and quality
Milking practices
Milking management of animals
Conclusions
References
4. Physiochemical properties of milk
M.M. PATHAN
Introduction
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Physiological properties of milk
Factors affecting physiochemical properties of milk
Conclusion
Further reading
5. Composition and nutritive value of milk and factors affecting composition of milk
ANIL KUMAR, B.K. BHARTI, SONAM BHATT, RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR MANDAL, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Milk composition and its nutritional significance
Factors affecting the composition of milk
References
Further reading
6. Impact of cow nutrition on sustainable milk production
AMITAVA ROY, PROBHAKAR BISWAS, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Productivity and nutrition
Efficiency and production
Partitioning of nutrients and feed intake
The environmental effects of milk production and nutrient cycling
Availability of water and climate change will hardline feed production
Crop rotation and diversification on dairy farms
Future grains and forages
Profitability and nutrition
Conclusion
References
Further reading
7. Impact of heat stress on milk production
VIPIN MAURYA AND DEEPJYOTI ROY
Major causes of heat stress
References
8. Environmental indices on lactation
AMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, AND PROBHAKAR BISWAS
Introduction
Environmental factors as a potential source of risk
Stress reaction
Energy suitability
Signs of environmental risk
Strictly linked to reproduction in dairy cattle
Conclusion
References
9. Major milking efficiency and frequent milk removal in relation to lactation
JAYSUKH B. KATHIRIYA
Mammary anatomy
Initiation of lactation (lactogenesis)
Control of prolactin production
Maintenance of lactation (galactopoiesis)
Milk ejection
Mammary involution
Milk secretion rate
Factors affecting the yield and composition of milk
Biochemistry of milk secretion
Effects of hormones on milk secretion and mammary development
Genetically superior cows and bSTH-treated cows
Alternate methods for increasing the efficiency of lactation
Summary
References
10. Rumen microbiota in sustainable milk production
SONAM BHATT, ANIL KUMAR, RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR MANDAL, JYOTI KUMARI, MANISH SINGH, AND BHAVNA
Introduction
Rumen fermentation
Ruminal microbiota
Rumen bacteria
Rumen protozoa
Rumen fungi
Rumen virus
Role of the rumen microbiota in bovine health
Subacute ruminal acidosis
Role of rumen microbiota in sustainable milk production
Factors affecting rumen microbiota
Host factor
Diet
Stress
References
11. Role of fatty acids in milk production
AMARJEET, DAPINDER SINGH, BHAVNA JHA, AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
Role of fatty acids in milk fat synthesis
Fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows
Dietary sources of fatty acids for dairy cows
Health implications of fatty acids in milk
Conclusion
References
12. Impact of reproductive management and fertility on milk production
SAMUEL UCHENNA FELIX
Introduction
Fertility and milk production association: A physiological justification
The association between fertility and milk production: A genetic analysis
Impact of nutrition on reproductive ability
Conclusion
References
13. Udder health, infection, and its management
MOHAMED S. KAMEL AND NOHA M. BAKRY
Introduction
Importance of udder health in dairy farming
Udder anatomy and physiology
Risk factors influencing udder health
Common udder infections in dairy cows
Diagnosis and treatment of udder infections
Therapeutic approaches for udder infection
Prevention and control strategies for udder health
Future trends in udder health management
Conclusion
References
14. Impact of nutritional profiles in animal health and milk production efficiency
S.K.I. VASANTHA, NAVEEN SWAROOP MURIKIPUDI, AND K. VARIJ NAYAN
Understanding the role of food nutrient profiles in animal diets
Importance of a balanced diet for livestock
Conclusion
References
15. Microbiological hazards in milk production, processing and products development
G. SHALINI AND N. GURUNATHAN
Introduction
Microbiological risks in the supply chain of dairy products
Microbiological risks in the cow’s milk processing supply chain
Hygienic dairy processing practices
Microbiological risks in the main milk pathways for sheep and goats
Possible steps to reduce the risk of microbes in the dairy supply chain
Food safety systems based on critical control points and hazard analysis
Conclusions
References
16. Additive and nonadditive genetic effects on milk production
JAY PRAKASH GUPTA, MAYANK V. DARJI, JAGDISH D. CHAUDHARI, AND PRAVIN B. PUROHIT
Introduction
Types of gene actions governing traits
Additive gene actions
Nonadditive gene actions
Heterosis
Methodology to estimate the nonadditive gene effect and heterosis
Breeding strategies for utilization of nonadditive gene actions
Various studies conducted for estimation of nonadditive genetic components
Conclusion
AI disclosure
References
Further reading
17. Clinical mastitis and its management
GAURAV CHARAYA, JASLEEN KAUR, AVNI CHAUHAN, AND DIVYA AGNIHOTRI
Introduction
Etiology
Risk factors associated with clinical mastitis
Clinical signs
Management of clinical mastitis
References
18. Subclinical mastitis and its management
GAURAV CHARAYA, JASLEEN KAUR, DIVYA AGNIHOTRI, AND PRIYANKA GAHLOT
Introduction
Etiology
Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in cattle
Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis
Molecular tools for diagnosis
Acute phase protein (APPs)
Serum proteome analysis
Milk enzymatic activity tests
Management of subclinical mastitis
Conclusion
References
19. Management and technologies to alleviate stress in cows
VASANTHA S.K.I., NAVEEN SWAROOP MURIKIPUDI, K. VARIJ NAYAN, RAJESH KUMAR, ANURADHA BHARADWAJ, ASWANI KUMAR K., AND ASHOK KUMAR MOHANTY
Introduction
Thermal stress
Temperature humidity index (THI) and its role in assessing heat stress
Effect of thermal stress on milk productivity
Effect of environmental stress on stage of lactation
Stress biomarkers
Management and technologies to alleviate stress in cows
Genetic improvement through heat-tolerant breeds
Heat shock proteins (HSPs)
Cytokines
Dietary strategies—Ameliorated nutritional management
Inclusion of anti-oxidants (vitamins)
Physical modification of the environment
Conclusion
References
Part II
Impact of milk on human health
20. Milk: A global nutrition appeal
ASMAA ELREFAEY AND NOURHAN EISSA
Introduction
Milk production process
Recent advances in milk processing or dairy industry
Milk collection
Pasteurized milk
Section 2: Milk quality assurance
Factors affecting milk composition of lactating cows
Normal sources of variation in composition
Maximizing rumen function can increase milk components
Grain feeding
Grain processing
Ration fiber levels
Protein feeding guidelines
Analysis of milk adulteration
Microbiological analysis
Total bacterial count
Enumeration of total and fecal coliforms
Staphylococcus aureus count
Enumeration of Salmonella
Enumeration of Escherichia coli
Yeast and mold count (YMC)
Section 3: Milk nutrition and health benefits
References
21. Milk: Nutrition, health benefits, and its consequences
ANKITA PATEL, VAIBHAV PATEL, ABHISHEK PATHAK, AND KRITIKA DHIAL
Introduction
Milk composition
Milk constituents
Milk consumption: Nutrition and health benefits
Conclusion
References
Further reading
22. Impact of the environment on milk production and aspects of its constituents for human consumption
VIKAS DIWAKAR, RANGASAI CHANDRA GOLI, PRAMOD KUMAR, AND RAJESH KUMAR
Introduction
Milk production statistics
Genetics influencing milk production
Genetics to genomics in milk production
Genomic breeding model for dairy cattle selection
Genomic factors for productions
Genome editing in dairy cattle
Crossbreeding strategy for establishing environment-resilient cattle
Newly proposed breeding approach for the dairy industry
Environment impact on diets of humans
Conclusion
References
23. Role of milk as a source of macronutrients for human health
DEEPAK CHOPRA, PRATIKSHA, AMARJEET AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
Definition of milk
Composition of milk
Factors affecting milk composition
Macronutrients present in milk
Other bioactive components
Milk: Health benefits
Conclusion and future prospects
References
24. Role of milk as a source of micronutrients for human health
SANJEEV KUMAR, SONAM KUMARI, SURYAMNI KUMAR, JUI LODH, AND V.P. APARNA
Introduction
Vitamins in milk
Minerals in milk
Beneficial effects of milk micronutrients on human health
Bioactive peptides in milk
Health benefits of milk-derived bioactive peptides
Impact of heat treatment on milk micronutrients
Effect on minerals
Effect on vitamins
Micronutrient fortification and enrichment in milk
Conclusion
References
25. Milk and disease prevention: Help or harm
AMARJEET, AMANDEEP, PRIYA KALYAN, AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
References
26. Milk on bone, oral, and gut health
M. BINDU PUSHPA, CRIS JOHN SANJEEV, AND SALUR SRIHITHA
Contents of milk
Role of milk constituents in gut health
Effect of TGF-b on the intestinal barrier
Impact of processing methods on active ingredient content and gut barrier health
Influence of milk constituents on oral health
Definitions and misconceptions
Milk constituents and dental pellicle
Animal studies on milk and caries
Milk as a vehicle for antibodies
Effect of dairy products on mineral retention and prevention of alveolar bone loss
Effect of dairy products on dental plaque and periodontal disease
Cariostatic effects of cheese
Studies on dairy intake and oral health
Milk and early childhood caries
Role of cheese in caries prevention
Mechanisms of action
Dairy products and oral health in adults
Caries prevention
Periodontal health
Milk on bone health
The role of milk in bone health
The importance of calcium in bone health
Milk proteins and their role in bone health
Fermented milk products and bone health
Fermented milk and osteoporotic bone loss
Milk-derived peptides and bone metabolism
Calcium intake and bone health
Casein phosphopeptides and bone health
Mechanisms of action of milk-derived bioactive peptides
The role of diet and lifestyle in bone health
Future research and perspectives
Conclusion
References
27. Lactose intolerance: A global problem?
PARAG ACHARYA, ABHIJEET FERNANDES, MANISH K. CHATLI, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Attributes of lactose: Understanding the characteristics of milk sugar
Development and dynamics of lactase activity in infants
Evolutionary dynamics of lactase persistence
Genetic basis of lactase persistence and polymorphism
Lactose: influence on gut health, microbiota, and immune development
Epidemiology
Etiology
Differential diagnosis
Medical tests
Management of lactose intolerance
Dietary modification
Enhancing healthcare team outcomes
Adult dietary management
Advancements in lactose research: Insights from a comprehensive consensus meeting
Conclusions
References
28. Regulatory health and nutrition claim framework and recent legislative developments
PRANAV CHAUHAN, N.K. NAYAK, P.K. SINGH, AND R.P. SINGH
Introduction
Nutrition claims
Regulation on authorization of health and nutritional claims
Prohibited claims rules in India
Summary
References
Further reading
29. Microbial pathogens, toxins, and heavy metals and its impact on consumer health
PRANAV ANJARIA, VARUN ASEDIYA, JITENDRAKUMAR NAYAK, JEETENDRAKUMAR CHAUDHARY, AND M.N. BRAHMBHATT
Introduction
Evolution of milk-borne diseases through history
Sources of contamination in milk production
Milk-borne infections, intoxications, and toxi-infections
Effects of microbial pathogens on consumer health
Economic impact
Prevention of milk-borne infections
Toxins
Heavy metals in milk
Prevention of toxins and heavy metals
Conclusions
References
30. Milk protein allergy
A.S. SOBANA, A. ELANGO, AND S. UDHAYAVEL
Introduction
Milk composition and allergen composition of milk
Cow milk proteins
Cow milk protein allergy
Prevalence of MPA
Clinical symptoms of MPA
Cow milk versus breastfed milk
Lactose intolerance versus milk protein allergy
Immune pathogenesis of milk protein allergy
Diagnostic procedures
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusions
References
Part III
Milking, equipment, and hazards
31. Milking premises, equipment, and routine-based clean milk production
J.B. KATHIRIYA, S.H. SINDHI, K.R. BHEDI, AND A.P. SUTHAR
Introduction
Milking biosecurity in cattle dairy farms
Milking parlor hygiene
Conclusions
References
32. Impact of sanitation on milk production
ANURADHA KUMARI, UTKARSH KUMAR TRIPATHI, MANISH KUMAR, AND ANSHUMAN KUMAR
Introduction
Effect of milking practices on milk quality and hygiene
Impact of environmental sanitation on milk production
Impact of premilking practices on milk hygiene
Effects of postmilk handling practices on milk hygiene
References
33. Supplies of water during milking
AMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, MADHUCHHANDA KHAN, AND RATNESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY
Introduction
Water intake and requirements
Symptoms of too much or too little water intake
Techniques for measuring water intake
Problems with water quality
Checking water quality
Adequate watering facilities
Water consumption in dairy animals: Factors and control techniques
Conclusion
References
34. Organization setup and impact of machine milking
AWLESH KUMAR VIDYARTHI
Introduction
Conclusion
35. Various sources of milk contamination
SWOTANTRA DANGI
Introduction
Milk contamination
Milk adulteration in Nepal
Milk adulteration with neutralizer
Chemical analysis of adulterated milk
Milk quality testing methods
Points to be considered to avoid milk contamination
Quality control in milk
Conclusion and way forward
References
Further reading
36. Chemical residues in milk and their consequences
JOE S. SMITH AND PATRICIA DOWLING
Introduction
Regulation of veterinary drug residues in milk
Specific regulations
Regulatory approval: Toxicity testing
Potential effects of antimicrobial residues from milk on human gastrointestinal microflora
Causes of violative residues
Withdrawal times
On-farm practices for milk residue mitigation
Detection of residues in milk
Residue detection programs
Preventing residues: Advisory organizations
Consequences of residues in milk
Future directions
References
37. Application of detergents and disinfectants in the milk industry
VIVEK SAHU AND PRIYA DHATTARWAL
Introduction
Dairy soil
Cleaning
Detergents
Caustic soda
Soda ash
Trisodium phosphate
Sodium metasilicate
Risks associated with alkaline detergents
Acid cleaners components
Common acid cleaners
Risks associated with acid cleaners
Selection of detergents
Disinfectants
Health impact
Environmental issues
Conclusion
References
Part IV
Milk processing
38. Handling and processing of milk from collection to pasteurization: An overview
DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, ANNADA DAS, DHANANJAY KUMAR, AND SAURABH KARUNAMAY
Introduction
Collection of raw milk
Chilling of milk
Milk reception operations
Standardization
Methods of standardization
Pasteurization
Different types of pasteurization processes
Basic components of a standard HTST system
Pasteurization efficiency
Ultra-high-temperature pasteurization
Conclusion
References
39. Milk treatment, homogenization, bactofugation
M. SAHITYARANI
Pasteurization
Homogenization
Bactofugation
40. Microbiological deterioration of milk and milk products
M. SAHITYARANI
Introduction
Sources of microbial contamination
Types of microbial deterioration
Factors affecting proteinase production and activity
Proteinase-inducing spoilage
Lipolysis
Lipase-inducing spoilage
Gas production
Ropiness
Fluid milk product spoilage
UHT milk spoilage
Spoilage of concentrated milk products
Dried milk spoilage
Ice cream spoilage
Fermented milk products spoilage
Cheese spoilage
41. Layout of milk processing plant and its management
SANJEEV KUMAR, SONAM KUMARI, SURYAMANI KUMAR, AND TANMOY RANA
Introduction
Importance of dairy plant design layout
Legal and commercial aspects of plant design
Key considerations during designing of dairy plant layout
Different types of layouts
Arrangements of different sections in the dairy plant
Requirement of dairy floors and floors for different sections
Selection of building materials
Structural aspects of dairy plant
Drain and drain layout for small and large dairies
Ventilation, illumination, and fly control
Conclusions
References
42. Preparation of milk byproducts
AMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, AND MADHUCHHANDA KHAN
Introduction
Whey and whey-based products
Skimmed milk-based byproducts
Buttermilk
Indigenous milk enzymes
The milk fat globule membrane
Milk salts
Milk and whey permeates
Colostrum
Conclusion
References
43. Characterization of functional milk products
GHULAM MURTAZA, FAKIHA KALIM, AND ADAN AAFREEN
Introduction
Uses and benefits of milk products
Milk products
Conclusion
References
44. Dried, dehydrated, and fermented milk
GHULAM MURTAZA AND RAZIA KAUSAR
Introduction
Drying of fermented milk products
Types of dried milk and milk substitutes: Production, storage, and nutritional considerations
Types of dried fermented milk
Challenges
Conclusion
References
45. Defects in milk products: Their causes and prevention
S.V. LONDHE, S.N. RINDHE, AND D.P. PATIL
Further reading
46. Packaging, transportation, storage and distribution of milk and milk products
SACHIN KUMAR SHANDILYA, ALOK MISHRA, ABHISHEK PATHAK, AND KRITIKA DHIAL
Introduction
Packaging in the dairy industry
Packaging materials
Milk transportation
Milk storage
Cleaning and sterilization practices
Milk distribution
Conclusion
47. Cleaning and sanitation in milk plant
ANNADA DAS, KAUSHIK SATYAPRAKASH, DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, AND SOUTI PRASAD SARKHEL
Introduction
Importance of cleaning and sanitation in a milk plant
Terms associated with cleaning and sanitation in a milk plant
Objectives of milk plant cleaning and sanitation
Principles of milk plant cleaning and sanitation
Organization of cleaning schedule
Procedure of cleaning and sanitation
Dairy detergents
Ideal properties of a good detergent
Type of detergents
Methods of cleaning
Advantages of CIP
Different types of CIP systems used in dairy plants
Dairy sanitizers
Properties of a good sanitizer
Type of sanitizers used in milk plants
Considerations for effective cleaning and sanitation
Roles of food safety management systems (FSMS) in milk plant cleaning and sanitation
Verification of the efficiency of cleaning and sanitation processes in a milk plant
Conclusion
References
48. Organic milk and organic milk products
PRIYA, RACHANA SHARMA, VIVEK SAHU, AND VANDITA MISHRA
Introduction
Status of organic milk in India
Key players for organic dairy industry in India
Insight into differences between organic and conventionally produced milk
Organic milk preference: Is it a matter of information?
Environmental impact assessment of organic milk production
Challenges in organic milk production
Organic milk products
Common organic milk products
History of organic milk and organic milk products
Regulations for organic milk products
Conclusion
References
49. Good manufacturing practices and implementation of HACCP in milk plant
SAURABH KARUNAMAY, DHANANJAY KUMAR, DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, AND RAKSHANDA M. MADAVI
Good manufacturing practices
Implementation of HACCP in dairy industry
Further reading
50. Food safety and standards for milk and milk products
MRINMOYEE SARMA, MONOSHREE SARMA, AND PHUNU TALUKDAR
Introduction
Terms related to food safety
Clean milk and public health
FSSAI standards for milk and milk products
Ultraheat treatment milk (UHT milk)
General principles
Quality
Food standards and regulations in India
Different FSSAI standards for milk and milk products
Physicochemical properties of milk
FSSAI standards for various kinds of milk products
Various methods employed for analyzing milk and its products
Tests for quality control of milk
Methods employed for determination of the total bacterial load of milk and milk products
FSSAI standards on composite dairy products
New regulations of FSSAI on Milk Analogs
Importance of analyzing milk and milk products
51. Dairy effluent treatment
AKHIL KUMAR JHA, SONAM BHARDWAJ, S.R. PRASHANTHINI, AND ABHISHEK PATHAK
Introduction
Composition of dairy effluent
Dairy effluent treatment
Electrocoagulation (EC) method
Alternative treatment procedures
Step-by-step treatment of dairy effluent
Conclusion
References
52. Biological hazards associated with milk and milk processing and its impacts on consumer health
UGOCHUKWU F. OGBODO AND AYOMIDE O. ADERETI
Introduction
Milk collection process
Milk processing
Biological hazards in milk: Effects on consumer health
Prevention of milk contamination
References
53. Impact of mastitis on the composition and quality of milk
PREETI LAKHANI, ANKITA RAUTELA, POOJA SINGH PUNIA, AND RAHUL PREET SINGH
Introduction
Types of mastitis
Infectious causes
Noninfectious causes
Impact of mastitis on milk composition
Milk composition and association with high somatic cell count
Preventing and managing mastitis
Conclusion
References
Further reading
54. Dairy value chain and critical stakeholders for added value products
DHANANJAY KUMAR AND SADHANA OJHA
Introduction
Elements of the dairy value chain
Value chain supporters
Organizational systems and approaches
Fundamental activities of the value chain
Value chain supporting activities
Potential and limitations
Sustainability: Prone or peril
Challenges and recommendations
Conclusion and recommendations
References
Further reading
55. Quality control guidelines and assurance of raw and processed milk
CHAITALI CHAKRABORTY, AND PAVEL ROUT
Introduction
Significance of raw and processed milk in human health
Concept of quality control
Quality assurance
Raw milk quality control
Process milk quality control
Regulatory compliance and standards
Conclusion
References
56. Milk quality standard evaluation methods to assess physical, chemical, and biological parameters
R. SIVACHANDIRAN, NAVYA SRI BAIRI, PORTEEN KANNAN, S SURESHKANNAN, RITA NARAYANAN, S. GURUSARAN, AND G. MOHAMED HASIF
Introduction
Importance of milk quality
Evaluation of physical quality of milk
Evaluation of chemical quality of milk
Evaluation of biological quality of milk
Conclusion
References
Further reading
57. Innovative technologies to promote healthy milk production, processing, and quality assurance for product development in milk industry
VARUN ASEDIYA, PRANAV ANJARIA, AND AJAY NAYAK
Introduction
Advancements in milk production
Innovations in milk processing
Quality assurance in the dairy industry
Product development and market trends
Conclusion
References
58. One health approach in food (milk) safety
SINA SALAJEGHEH TAZERJI, PARISA ASGHARPOUR, SARAH MOJTABAVI, FATEMEH JAHEDI PARIZI, MELINA MAGHSOUDLOONEJAD, HOMA MOHAMMADI FARD, AND ROOZBEH KALANTARI
Overview of sustainable food production challenges
Role of the One Health approach in promoting sustainable food production
Importance of environment stewardship and conservation in sustainable food production
References
Further reading
Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 30, 2025
- Language: English
TR
Tanmoy Rana
Dr. Tanmoy Rana is currently an Assistant Professor in Veterinary Medicine, Ethics, and Jurisprudence at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India. He has published articles in international journals, authored book chapters for edited works, and has made contributions in the fields of biochemical and molecular pharmacology, toxicology, and veterinary medicine. He has been involved in multidisciplinary research and education to promote the scientific basis of veterinary science and molecular medicine. Dr. Rana is a Member of the West Bengal Veterinary Council, India; the Indian Society for Veterinary Medicine (ISVM); and the Indian Science Congress Association. He is an Associate Fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, India. He is also an Associate Editor and Editorial Board Member of various highly regarded international journals.
Affiliations and expertise
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, IndiaRead Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and Nutrition on ScienceDirect