Handbook of Fillers

5th Edition - January 28, 2021
Imprint: ChemTec Publishing
Author: George Wypych
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 9 2 7 8 8 5 - 7 9 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 8 1 9 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 9 8 9 5 - 9

Handbook of Fillers, Fifth Edition discusses the rapidly advancing field of fillers, the substances added to plastics and composites that add value by improving and modifying… Read more

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Handbook of Fillers, Fifth Edition discusses the rapidly advancing field of fillers, the substances added to plastics and composites that add value by improving and modifying the properties of materials and reducing costs. This new edition is an essential reference for engineers and scientists using fillers in a range of materials, including plastics, rubber, adhesives, and paper. Designed to be a comprehensive reference for both experienced practitioners and those new to the field, it covers available fillers and their properties, their effect on filled materials, their rheology and flammability, recycling considerations, and their use in practical applications.

The book offers a direct comparison of general-purpose fillers (micron-size fillers) and nanofillers. The first section covers the grades of fillers available in the world market, dividing them into eight groups and analyzing their properties, applications, and sources. The second section discusses the effects of filler incorporation with ten chapters covering the mechanical properties of compounded materials, the effect of the filler on the material rheology, the morphology of the filled system, the material durability, flammability and recycling, the structure of interphase, chemical interphase, chemical interactions, interaction with and effect on other additive, fillers use in material compounds, and the analytical methods of testing fillers and filled materials. The final section is devoted to the application of fillers on an industrial scale. Filler transportation, storage, processing, and equipment used for these purposes are discussed, as are quality control of fillers, formulation with fillers, different processing methods, and health and safety issues.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 EXPECTATIONS FROM FILLERS
1.2 TYPICAL FILLER PROPERTIES
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.4 CLASSIFICATION
1.5 MARKETS AND TRENDS
Chapter 2: Fillers – Origin, Chemical Composition, Properties, and Morphology
2.1 PARTICULATE FILLERS
2.1.1 ALUMINUM FLAKES AND POWDERS
2.1.2 ALUMINUM BORATE WHISKERS
2.1.3 ALUMINUM NITRIDE
2.1.4 ALUMINUM OXIDE
2.1.5 ALUMINUM TRIHYDROXIDE
2.1.6 ANTHRACITE
2.1.7 ANTIMONATE OF SODIUM
2.1.8 ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE
2.1.9 ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
2.1.10 AMMONIUM OCTAMOLYBDATE
2.1.11 APATITE
2.1.12 ASH, FLY
2.1.13 ATTAPULGITE
2.1.14 BARIUM METABORATE
2.1.15 BARIUM SULFATE
2.1.16 BARIUM & STRONTIUM SULFATES
2.1.17 BARIUM TITANATE
2.1.18 BENTONITE
2.1.19 BERYLLIUM OXIDE
2.1.20 BORON NITRIDE
2.1.21 CALCIUM CARBONATE
2.1.22 CALCIUM FLUORIDE
2.1.23 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
2.1.24 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
2.1.25 CALCIUM SILICATE
2.1.26 CALCIUM SULFATE
2.1.27 CARBON BLACK
2.1.28 CARBONYL IRON POWDER
2.1.29 CELLULOSE PARTICLES
2.1.30 CERAMIC BEADS
2.1.31 CHITOSAN
2.1.32 CLAMSHELL POWDER
2.1.33 CLAY
2.1.34 COBALT POWDER
2.1.35 COPPER
2.1.36 CORN COB POWDER
2.1.37 CRISTOBALITE
2.1.38 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
2.1.39 DOLOMITE
2.1.40 EGGSHELL FILLER
2.1.41 FERRITES
2.1.42 FELDSPAR
2.1.43 GADOLINIUM OXIDE
2.1.44 GLASS BEADS
2.1.45 GOLD
2.1.46 GRAPHENE
2.1.47 GRAPHENE OXIDE
2.1.48 GRAPHITE
2.1.49 GROUND TIRE POWDER
2.1.50 HALLOYSITE
2.1.51 HUNTITE
2.1.52 HYDROUS CALCIUM SILICATE
2.1.53 ILLITE
2.1.54 IRON
2.1.55 IRON OXIDE
2.1.56 KAOLIN
2.1.57 LEAD OXIDE
2.1.58 LITHOPONE
2.1.59 MAGNESIUM OXIDE
2.1.60 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
2.1.61 MAGNETITE
2.1.62 METAL-CONTAINING CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS
2.1.63 MICA
2.1.64 MOLYBDENUM
2.1.65 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE
2.1.66 MOLYBDENUM OXIDE
2.1.67 NANOFILLERS
2.1.68 NICKEL
2.1.69 NICKEL OXIDE
2.1.70 NICKEL ZINC FERRITE
2.1.71 NUTSHELL POWDER
2.1.72 PERLITE
2.1.73 POLYMERIC FILLERS
2.1.74 POTASSIUM HEXATITANATE WHISKER
2.1.75 PUMICE
2.1.76 PYROPHYLLITE
2.1.77 RUBBER PARTICLES
2.1.78 SEPIOLITE
2.1.79 SILICA
2.1.80 SILICON CARBIDE
2.1.81 SILICON NITRIDE
2.1.82 SILVER POWDER AND FLAKES
2.1.83 SLATE FLOUR
2.1.84 TALC
2.1.85 TITANIUM DIOXIDE
2.1.86 TUNGSTEN
2.1.87 VERMICULITE
2.1.88 WOLLASTONITE
2.1.89 WOOD FLOUR AND SIMILAR MATERIALS
2.1.90 ZEOLITES
2.1.91 ZINC BORATE
2.1.92 ZINC OXIDE
2.1.93 ZINC STANNATE
2.1.94 ZINC SULFIDE
2.2 FIBERS
2.2.1 ARAMID FIBERS
2.2.2 CARBON FIBERS
2.2.3 CARBON NANOTUBES
2.2.4 CELLULOSE FIBERS
2.2.5 CELLULOSE NANOFIBRILS
2.2.6 GLASS FIBERS
2.2.7 OTHER FIBERS
Chapter 3: Fillers Transportation, Storage and Processing
3.1 FILLER PACKAGING
3.2 EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION
3.3 FILLER RECEIVING
3.4 STORAGE
3.5 IN-PLANT CONVEYING
3.6 SEMI-BULK UNLOADING SYSTEMS
3.7 BAG HANDLING EQUIPMENT
3.8 BLENDING
3.9 FEEDING
3.10 DRYING
3.11 DISPERSION
Chapter 4: Quality Control of Fillers
4.1 ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
4.2 ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF WATER EXTRACT
4.3 ASH CONTENT
4.4 BRIGHTNESS
4.5 COARSE PARTICLES
4.6 COLOR
4.7 CTAB SURFACE AREA
4.8 DENSITY
4.9 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
4.10 EXTRACTABLES
4.11 FINES CONTENT
4.12 HEATING LOSS
4.13 HEAT STABILITY
4.14 HEGMAN FINENESS
4.15 HIDING POWER
4.16 IODINE ABSORPTION NUMBER
4.17 LIGHTENING POWER OF WHITE PIGMENTS
4.18 LOSS ON IGNITION
4.19 MECHANICAL AND RELATED PROPERTIES
4.20 OIL ABSORPTION
4.21 PARTICLE SIZE
4.22 PELLET STRENGTH
4.23 p H
4.24 RESISTANCE TO LIGHT
4.25 RESISTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT
4.26 SIEVE RESIDUE
4.27 SOLUBLE MATTER
4.28 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA
4.29 SULFUR CONTENT
4.30 TAMPED VOLUME
4.31 TINTING STRENGTH
4.32 VOLATILE MATTER
4.33 WATER CONTENT
4.34 WATER-SOLUBLE SULFATES, CHLORIDES & NITRATES
Chapter 5: Physical Properties of Fillers and Filled Materials
5.1 DENSITY
5.2 PARTICLE SIZE
5.3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
5.4 PARTICLE SHAPE
5.5 PARTICLE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AND ROUGHNESS
5.6 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA
5.7 POROSITY
5.8 PARTICLE-PARTICLE INTERACTION AND SPACING
5.9 AGGLOMERATES
5.10 AGGREGATES AND STRUCTURE
5.11 FLOCCULATION AND SEDIMENTATION
5.12 ASPECT RATIO
5.13 PACKING VOLUME
5.14 p H
5.15 ZETA-POTENTIAL
5.16 SURFACE ENERGY
5.17 MOISTURE
5.18 ABSORPTION OF LIQUIDS AND SWELLING
5.19 PERMEABILITY AND BARRIER PROPERTIES
5.20 OIL ABSORPTION
5.21 HYDROPHILIC/HYDROPHOBIC PROPERTIES
5.22 OPTICAL PROPERTIES
5.23 REFRACTIVE INDEX
5.24 FRICTION PROPERTIES
5.25 HARDNESS
5.26 INTUMESCENT PROPERTIES
5.27 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
5.28 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
5.29 THERMAL DEGRADATION
5.30 MELTING TEMPERATURE
5.31 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE
5.32 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
5.33 RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY
5.34 ELECTRICAL PERCOLATION
5.35 EMI SHIELDING
5.36 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
5.37 SHAPE MEMORY
Chapter 6: Chemical Properties of Fillers & Filled Materials
6.1 REACTIVITY
6.2 CHEMICAL GROUPS ON THE FILLER SURFACE
6.3 FILLER SURFACE MODIFICATION
6.4 FILLER MODIFICATION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES
6.5 RESISTANCE TO VARIOUS CHEMICALS
6.6 CURE IN FILLERS PRESENCE
6.7 POLYMERIZATION IN FILLERS PRESENCE
6.8 GRAFTING
6.9 CROSSLINK DENSITY
6.10 REACTION KINETICS
6.11 MOLECULAR MOBILITY
Chapter 7: Organization of Interface and Matrix Containing Fillers
7.1 PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION IN THE MATRIX
7.2 ORIENTATION OF FILLER PARTICLES IN THE MATRIX
7.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN PARTICLES
7.4 VOIDS
7.5 MATRIX-FILLER INTERACTION
7.6 CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
7.7 OTHER INTERACTIONS
7.8 INTERPHASE ORGANIZATION
7.9 INTERFACIAL ADHESION
7.10 INTERPHASE THICKNESS
7.11 FILLER-CHAIN LINKS
7.12 CHAIN DYNAMICS
7.13 BOUND RUBBER
7.14 DEBONDING
7.15 MECHANISMS OF REINFORCEMENT
7.16 BENEFITS OF THE ORGANIZATION ON A MOLECULAR LEVEL
Chapter 8: The Effect of Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Filled Materials
8.1 TENSILE STRENGTH AND ELONGATION
8.2 TENSILE YIELD STRESS
8.3 MULLINS’ EFFECT
8.4 ELASTIC MODULUS
8.5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND MODULUS
8.6 IMPACT RESISTANCE
8.7 HARDNESS
8.8 TEAR STRENGTH
8.9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
8.10 FRACTURE RESISTANCE
8.11 WEAR
8.12 FRICTION
8.13 ABRASION
8.14 SCRATCH RESISTANCE
8.15 FATIGUE
8.16 FAILURE
8.17 ADHESION
8.18 THERMAL DEFORMATION
8.19 SHRINKAGE
8.20 WARPAGE
8.21 COMPRESSION SET
8.22 LOAD TRANSFER
8.23 RESIDUAL STRESS
8.24 CREEP
Chapter 9: The Effect of Fillers on Rheological Properties of Filled Materials
9.1 VISCOSITY
9.2 FLOW
9.3 FLOW-INDUCED FILLER PARTICLE ORIENTATION
9.4 TORQUE
9.5 VISCOELASTICITY
9.6 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
9.7 COMPLEX VISCOSITY
9.8 SHEAR VISCOSITY
9.9 ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY
9.10 MELT RHEOLOGY
9.11 YIELD VALUE
Chapter 10: Morphology of Filled Systems
10.1 CRYSTALLINITY
10.2 CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR
10.3 NUCLEATION
10.4 CRYSTAL SIZE
10.5 SPHERULITES
10.6 TRANSCRYSTALLINITY
10.7 ORIENTATION
Chapter 11: Effect of Fillers on Exposure to Different Environments
11.1 IRRADIATION
11.2 UV RADIATION
11.3 TEMPERATURE
11.4 LIQUIDS AND VAPORS
11.5 STABILIZATION
11.6 DEGRADARLE MATERIALS
Chapter 12: Flammability of Filled Materials
12.1 DEFINITIONS
12.2 LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX
12.3 IGNITION AND FLAME SPREAD RATE
12.4 HEAT TRANSMISSION RATE
12.5 DECOMPOSITION AND COMBUSTION
12.6 EMISSION OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS
12.7 SMOKE
12.8 CHAR
Chapter 13: Influence of Fillers on Performance of Other Additives and Vice Versa
13.1 ADHESION PROMOTERS
13.2 ANTISTATICS
13.3 BLOWING AGENTS
13.4 CATALYSTS
13.5 COMPATIBILIZERS
13.6 COUPLING AGENTS
13.7 DISPERSING AGENTS AND SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
13.8 FLAME RETARDANTS
13.9 IMPACT MODIFIERS
13.10 UV STABILIZERS
Chapter 14: Testing Methods in Filled Systems
14.1 PHYSICAL METHODS
14.1.1 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
14.1.2 AUTOIGNITION TEST
14.1.3 BOUND RUBBER
14.1.4 CHAR FORMATION
14.1.5 CONE CALORIMETRY
14.1.6 CONTACT ANGLE
14.1.7 DISPERSING AGENT REQUIREMENT
14.1.8 DISPERSION TESTS
14.1.9 DRIPPING TEST
14.1.10 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
14.1.11 ELECTRIC CONSTANTS DETERMINATION
14.1.12 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
14.1.13 FIBER ORIENTATION
14.1.14 FLAME PROPAGATION TEST
14.1.15 GLOW WIRE TEST
14.1.16 IMAGE ANALYSIS
14.1.17 LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX
14.1.18 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
14.1.19 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
14.1.20 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
14.1.21 RADIANT PANEL TEST
14.1.22 RATE OF COMBUSTION
14.1.23 SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY
14.1.24 SMOKE CHAMBER
14.1.25 SONIC METHODS
14.1.26 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA
14.1.27 THERMAL ANALYSIS
14.2 CHEMICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
14.2.1 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
14.2.2 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
14.2.3 INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
14.2.4 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
14.2.5 GEL CONTENT
14.2.6 INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
14.2.7 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
14.2.8 UV AND VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
14.2.9 X-RAY ANALYSIS
Chapter 15: Fillers in Commercial Polymers
15.1 ACRYLICS
15.2 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER
15.3 ACRYLONITRILE-STYRENE-ACRYLATE, ASA
15.4 ALIPHATIC POLYKETONE
15.5 ALKYD RESINS
15.6 BISMALEIMIDE
15.7 CELLULOSE ACETATE
15.8 CHITOSAN
15.9 ELASTOMERS, TPO
15.10 EPOXY RESINS
15.11 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA
15.12 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, EVOH
15.13 ETHYLENE-ETHYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EEA
15.14 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMERS, EPR & EPDM
15.15 IONOMERS
15.16 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS, LCP
15.17 PERFLUOROALKOXY RESIN, PFA
15.18 PHENOLIC RESINS
15.19 POLY(ACRYLIC ACID), PAA
15.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE, PAN
15.21 POLYAMIDES, PA
15.22 POLYAMIDEIMIDE, PAI
15.23 POLYAMINES
15.24 POLYANILINE, PANI
15.25 POLYARYLETHERKETONE, PAEK
15.26 POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE), PBS
15.27 POLY(BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE), PBT
15.28 POLYCAPROLACTONE, PCL
15.29 POLYCARBONATE, PC
15.30 POLYDICYCLOPENTADIENE
15.31 POLYETHERETHERKETONE, PEEK
15.32 POLYETHERIMIDE, PEI
15.33 POLYETHERSULFONE, PES
15.34 POLYETHYLENE, PE
15.35 POLYETHYLENE, CHLORINATED, CPE
15.36 POLYETHYLENE, CHLOROSULFONATED, CSM
15.37 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE), PEO & PEG
15.38 POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE), PET
15.39 POLYIMIDE, PI
15.40 POLY(LACTIC ACID)
15.41 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE, PMMA
15.42 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, POM
15.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER), PPO
15.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE), PPS
15.45 POLYPROPYLENE, PP
15.46 POLYPYRROLE
15.47 POLYSTYRENE & HIGH IMPACT, PS & HIPS
15.48 POLYSULFIDE
15.49 POLYSULFONE, PSO
15.50 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, PTFE
15.51 POLYURETHANES, PU & TPU
15.52 POLYVINYLACETATE, PVA
15.53 POLYVINYLALCOHOL, PVAL
15.54 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL, PVB
15.55 POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE), PVC
15.56 RUBBERS
15.56.1 NATURAL RUBBER, NR
15.56.2 NITRILE RUBBER, NBR
15.56.3 POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER, BR
15.56.4 BUTYL RUBBER, HR
15.56.5 POLYCHLOROPRENE, CR
15.56.6 POLYISOBUTYLENE, PIB
15.56.7 POLYISOPRENE, IR
15.56.8 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER, SBR
15.57 SILICONES, SI
15.58 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, SAN
15.59 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-PERFLUOROPROPYLENE
15.60 UNSATURATED POLYESTERS
15.61 VINYLIDENE-FLUORIDE TERPOLYMER, PVDF
Chapter 16: Fillers in Materials Combinations
16.1 BLENDS, ALLOYS, AND INTERPENETRATING NETWORKS
16.2 COMPOSITES
16.3 NANOCOMPOSITES
16.4 LAMINATES
Chapter 17: Formulation with Fillers
Chapter 18: Fillers in Different Processing Methods
18.1 BLOW MOLDING
18.2 CALENDERING AND HOT-MELT COATING
18.3 COMPRESSION MOLDING
18.4 DIP COATING
18.5 DISPERSION
18.6 EXTRUSION
18.7 FOAMING
18.8 INJECTION MOLDING
18.9 KNIFE COATING
18.10 MIXING
18.11 PULTRUSION
18.12 REACTION INJECTION MOLDING
18.13 RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
18.14 ROTATIONAL MOLDING
18.15 SHEET MOLDING
18.16 SPINNING
18.17 THERMOFORMING
18.18 WELDING AND MACHINING
Chapter 19: Fillers in Different Products
19.1 ADHESIVES
19.2 AGRICULTURE
19.3 AEROSPACE
19.4 APPLIANCES
19.5 AUTOMOTIVE MATERIALS
19.6 BOTTLES AND CONTAINERS
19.7 BUILDING COMPONENTS
19.8 BUSINESS MACHINES
19.9 CABLE AND WIRE
19.10 COATED FABRICS
19.11 COATINGS AND PAINTS
19.12 COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
19.13 DENTAL RESTORATIVE COMPOSITES
19.14 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
19.15 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE SHIELDING
19.16 FIBERS
19.17 FILM
19.18 FOAM
19.19 FOOD AND FEED
19.20 FRICTION MATERIALS
19.21 GEOSYNTHETICS
19.22 HOSES AND PIPES
19.23 MAGNETIC DEVICES
19.24 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
19.25 MEMBRANES
19.26 NOISE DAMPENING
19.27 OPTICAL DEVICES
19.28 PAPER
19.29 RADIATION SHIELDS
19.30 RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION
19.31 ROOFING
19.32 TELECOMMUNICATION
19.33 TIRES
19.34 SEALANTS
19.35 SIDING
19.36 SPORTS EQUIPMENT
19.37 WATERPROOFING
19.38 WINDOWS
Chapter 20: Hazards in Filler Use
Index

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Handbook of Fillers

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