Handbook of Biosurveillance
- 1st Edition - October 7, 2005
- Latest edition
- Editors: Michael M. Wagner, Andrew W. Moore, Ron M. Aryel
- Language: English
Provides a coherent and comprehensive account of the theory and practice of real-time human disease outbreak detection, explicitly recognizing the revolution in practices of… Read more
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- Reviews the current mathematical, statistical, and computer science systems for early detection of disease outbreaks
- Provides extensive coverage of existing surveillance data
- Discusses experimental methods for data measurement and evaluation
- Addresses engineering and practical implementation of effective early detection systems
- Includes real case studies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
PART I: THE CHALLENGE OF BIOSURVEILLANCE
Chapter 1: Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE BIOSURVEILLANCE PROCESS
3 THE SCOPE OF BIOSURVEILLANCE
4 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE BIOSURVEILLANCE PROCESS
5 BIOSURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
6 SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF BIOSURVEILLANCE
7 OPEN RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
8 THE ROLE OF BIOSURVEILLANCE IN BIODEFENSE
9 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK
10 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter 2: Outbreaks and Investigations
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HISTORICAL OUTBREAKS
3 THE 1918 PANDEMIC OF INFLUENZA
4 RECENT OUTBREAKS
5 DEFINITIONS OF “OUTBREAK” AND “EPIDEMIC”
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 3: Case Detection, Outbreak Detection, and Outbreak Characterization
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CASE DETECTION
3 OUTBREAK DETECTION
4 OUTBREAK CHARACTERIZATION
5 LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ISSUES
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 4: Functional Requirements for Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
3 EXAMPLE: FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR ANTHRAX BIOSURVEILLANCE
4 THE COMPLEXITY OF BIOSURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DESIGN
5 REDUCING COMPLEXITY: THREAT PATTERNS
6 SPECIFYING BIOSURVEILLANCE DATA
7 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART II: ORGANIZATIONS THAT CONDUCT BIOSURVEILLANCE AND THE DATA THEY COLLECT
Chapter 5: Governmental Public Health
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
3 LEGAL BASIS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
4 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH
5 SURVEILLANCE DATA
6 GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
7 INFORMATION SYSTEMS
8 INTEROPERATING WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
9 LIMITATIONS ON AND OF GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH
10 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 6: The Healthcare System
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ORGANIZATION OF THE U.S. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
3 PERSONNEL
4 ROLE OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
5 DATA COLLECTED BY THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
6 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTH CARE
7 BIOSURVEILLANCE OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
8 ASPs AND RHIOs
9 BARRIERS TO TIGHTER INTEGRATION BETWEEN HEALTH CARE AND GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH
10 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 7: Animal Health
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ANIMAL HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
3 FARMING SYSTEMS
4 ANIMAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
5 ANIMAL HEALTH DATA
6 ANIMAL HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS
7 ORGANIZATIONS THAT USE ANIMAL HEALTH DATA
8 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter 8: Laboratories
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CLINICAL LABORATORIES
3 ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORIES
4 COMMERCIAL LABORATORIES
5 GOVERNMENTAL LABORATORIES
6 SERVICES PROVIDED BY LABORATORIES
7 TESTING TECHNOLOGIES
8 LABORATORY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
9 NETWORKS OF LABORATORIES
10 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter 9: Water Suppliers
1 INTRODUCTION
2 WATER SURVEILLANCE
3 TESTING INFRASTRUCTURE
4 WATER MONITORING TESTS
5 SURVEILLANCE DATA
6 SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE CASE STUDIES
7 LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
8 LABORATORY NETWORKS
9 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 10: Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
1 THE FOOD INDUSTRY
2 FOOD PROCESSORS AND MANUFACTURERS
3 RESTAURANTS AND RETAILERS
4 GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
5 THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
6 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 11: Coroners and Medical Examiners
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FUNCTION OF THE MEDICAL EXAMINER
3 ROLE OF MEDICAL EXAMINER IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
4 MEDICAL EXAMINERS’ DATA: ACCESSIBILITY—USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS
5 TIMELINESS
6 RELIABILITY AND UTILITY
7 SUMMARY
Chapter 12: Other Organizations That Conduct Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
4 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE (USPS)
5 PLANES, TRAINS, AND SHIPS
6 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
7 SUMMARY
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART III: DATA ANALYSIS
Chapter 13: Case Detection Algorithms
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PERFECTING CASE DETECTION
3 DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEMS
4 EXAMPLES OF DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEMS: BOSSS AND ILIAD
5 KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND INFERENCE IN DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEMS
6 RULE-BASED EXPERT SYSTEMS
7 EMBEDDED EXPERT SYSTEMS
8 DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR BIOSURVEILLANCE
9 PERFECTING CASE AND OUTBREAK DETECTION
10 COMPUTER-INTERPRETABLE CASE DEFINITIONS
11 SUMMARY
12 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 14: Classical Time-Series Methods for Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SYNTHESIZING HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION DATA
3 CONTROL CHARTS
4 CHANGES FROM YESTERDAY
5 MOVING AVERAGE
6 CUSUM
7 COMPARING THE UNIVARIATE ALGORITHMS
8 EXPONENTIALLY WEIGHTED MOVING AVERAGE
9 REGRESSION
10 SICKNESS AVAILABILITY
11 FURTHER COMPARISON OF THE UNIVARIATE ALGORITHMS
12 ADDITIONAL METHODS
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 15: Combining Multiple Signals for Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE IMPORTANCE OF MULTIPLE SOURCES OF DATA
3 COMBINING MULTIPLE TIME SERIES USING REGRESSION ANALYSIS
4 COMBINING MULTIPLE TIME SERIES USING THE HOTELLING STATISTIC
5 COMBINING MULTIPLE TIME SERIES USING PROBABILITY
6 COMBINING FIELDS IN EVENT DATA: THE “WHAT’S STRANGE ABOUT RECENT EVENTS” APPROACH
7 FURTHER MULTIVARIATE APPROACHES
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter 16: Methods for Detecting Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Clusters
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OVERVIEW OF SPATIAL CLUSTER DETECTION
3 THE SPATIAL SCAN STATISTIC
4 RELATED METHODS
SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter 17: Natural Language Processing for Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE ROLE OF NLP IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
3 EXAMPLE USE OF NLP
4 HOW HARD IS NLP?
5 LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINICAL TEXT—WHAT MAKES NLP HARD?
6 TECHNOLOGIES FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
7 EVALUATION METHODS FOR NLP IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
8 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 18: Bayesian Methods for Diagnosing Outbreaks
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BACKGROUND
3 BIOSURVEILLANCE USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS
4 EMPIRICAL EVALUATION
5 SUMMARY
6 EXTENSIONS
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 19: Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling in Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EXAMPLE OF USING AN ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODEL TO PROVE WIND AS ROUTE OF OUTBREAK TRANSMISSION
3 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELS
4 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELS AND THE ANALYSIS OF BIOSURVEILLANCE DATA
5 OTHER USES OF DISPERSION MODELS IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
6 WEATHER DATA
7 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 20: Methods for Algorithm Evaluation
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GOALS OF ALGORITHM EVALUATION
3 EVALUATING ALGORITHMS FOR CASE DETECTION
4 EVALUATING ALGORITHMS FOR OUTBREAK DETECTION
5 EVALUATING ALGORITHMS FOR OUTBREAK CHARACTERIZATION
6 DETERMINING WHETHER BAYESIAN ALGORITHMS ARE WELL CALIBRATED
7 EVALUATING THE COMBINATION OF ALGORITHM AND DATA
8 DIAGNOSTIC PRECISION AND THE QUESTION OF “HOW GOOD IS GOOD ENOUGH?”
9 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
PART IV: NEWER TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE DATA
Chapter 21: Methods for Evaluating Surveillance Data
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ATTRIBUTES OF SURVEILLANCE DATA RELEVANT TO ACQUISITION DECISIONS
3 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING INFORMATIONAL VALUE OF SURVEILLANCE DATA FOR CASE DETECTION
4 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING INFORMATIONAL VALUE OF SURVEILLANCE DATA FOR OUTBREAK DETECTION/CHARACTERIZATION
5 VALUE OF INFORMATION
6 GOLD STANDARDS FOR EVALUATION OF SURVEILLANCE DATA
SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 22: Sales of Over-the-Counter Healthcare Products
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DESCRIPTION OF OTC DATA
3 AVAILABILITY OF OVER-THE-COUNTER SALES DATA
4 THE INFORMATIONAL VALUE OF OTC SALES DATA
5 ANALYTICAL ISSUES IN MONITORING SALES OF OTC PRODUCTS
6 A “DATA UTILITY” MODEL: NRDM
7 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 23: Chief Complaints and ICD Codes
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CHIEF COMPLAINTS
3 ICD CODES
4 USING CHIEF COMPLAINTS AND ICD-CODED DIAGNOSES IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
5 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 24: Absenteeism
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PUBLIC/PRIVATE SCHOOLS
3 EMPLOYER AND MILITARY ATTENDANCE REPORTING
4 LIMITATIONS TO ABSENTEEISM DATA
SUMMARY
Chapter 25: Emergency Call Centers
1 INTRODUCTION
2 911 CALL CENTER/DISPATCH COMPUTER SYSTEMS
3 MILITARY CALL CENTER/DISPATCH
4 COMMERCIAL ASSISTANCE CALL CENTERS
5 POISON INFORMATION CENTERS
6 USE OF CALL CENTERS IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
7 SUMMARY
Chapter 26: The Internet as Sentinel
1 INTRODUCTION
2 INTERNET AS SENTINEL I: PROMED-MAIL
3 INTERNET PRIMER
4 INTERNET AS SENTINEL III: MONITORING USAGE OF HEALTH WEBSITES AND HEALTH-RELATED QUERIES TO SEARCH ENGINES
5 INTERNET AS SENTINEL IV: SELF-REPORTING
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 27: Physiologic and Space-Based Sensors
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SENSORS FOR MONITORING THE HEALTH STATUS OF PEOPLE OR ANIMALS
3 IMAGE ANALYSIS
4 SATELLITES
5 MONITORING WEATHER AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
6 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 28: Data NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CLINICAL DATA
3 PRECLINICAL DATA
4 PRESYMPTOMATIC DATA
5 PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART V: DECISION MAKING
Chapter 29: Decision Analysis
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE DECISION TO ISSUE A BOIL-WATER ADVISORY (GLASGOW, 2002)
3 THE SCIENCE OF DECISION MAKING
4 DECISION ANALYSIS: ISSUE A BOIL-WATER ADVISORY OR WAIT FOR RESULTS OF DEFINITIVE TESTING
5 COMPUTATIONAL DECISION ANALYSIS
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 30: Probabilistic Interpretation of Surveillance Data
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CURRENT METHODS FOR INTERPRETING BIOSURVEILLANCE DATA
3 BAYESIAN WRAPPER METHOD
4 PROBABILITIES AND COSTS
5 GENERALIZATION OF THE BAYESIAN WRAPPER METHOD
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 31: Economic Studies in Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS
3 TYPES OF ECONOMIC ANALYSES
4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
5 EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC ANALYSES IN BIOSURVEILLANCE
6 CURRENT LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
7 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART VI: BUILDING AND FIELD TESTING BIOSURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
Chapter 32: Information Technology Standards in Biosurveillance
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY
3 TYPES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS
4 LANGUAGE STANDARDS
5 STANDARDS WITH WHICH YOU NEED PASSING FAMILIARITY
6 ADOPTION OF STANDARDS
7 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter 33: Architecture
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEFINITIONS
3 ENTERPRISE AND PAN-ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
4 AN ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE FOR BIOSURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
5 A PAN-ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE FOR BIOSURVEILLANCE
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 34: Advancing Organizational Integration: Negotiation, Data Use Agreements, Law and Ethics
1 INTRODUCTION
2 AGREEMENTS TO PROVIDE OR EXCHANGE DATA
3 LEGAL AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES
4 SERVICE AGREEMENTS
5 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 35: Other Design and Implementation Issues
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HOSTING FACILITY
3 SOFTWARE
4 SUPPORTING THE BIOSURVEILLANCE PROCESSES
5 MAKING USE OF DATA UTILITIES
6 SUMMARY
Chapter 36: Project Management
1 CBBS AND CBBS PROJECTS
2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
3 PROJECT LIFE CYCLES
4 UNIQUE CBBS PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
5 APPLYING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES IN THE REAL WORLD
6 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 37: Methods for Field Testing of Biosurveillance Systems
1 INTRODUCTION
2 QUESTIONS NOT ADDRESSED BY BENCH TESTING OF DATA AND ALGORITHMS
3 GOALS OF FIELD TESTING
4 ATTRIBUTES OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
5 AN EXAMPLE EVALUATION: FIELD TESTING OF THE DATA LAYER
6 SUMMARY
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Epilogue: The Future of Biosurveillance
APPENDICES
CDC™ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Sample Questionnaire/Survey
Surveillance Data Tables
Derivation of Bayes’ Rule
Predictive Value Positive and Negative
Data Communication to RODS: Technical Specifications
Data Use Agreement
Department of Health Authorized Use Agreement for Clinical Data
National Retail Data Monitor/RODS Account Access Agreement
Data Security Agreement—Personnel
Data Use Agreement with Commercial Data Provider
Glossary
Index
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: May 25, 2006
- Language: English
MW
Michael M. Wagner
AM
Andrew W. Moore
RA