Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

1st Edition - July 25, 2022
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Sunny Ohia, Najam Sharif
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 9 1 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 9 2 - 4

Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics provides a review of the basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology of the eye with a focus drug t… Read more

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Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics provides a review of the basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology of the eye with a focus drug therapy, drug delivery and use of therapeutic medical miniature devices. An understanding of the pharmacological actions of drugs acting on the eye requires the student and health care practitioner to learn additional principles in basic and clinical sciences that are unique to this organ. As a sensory organ, the eye is relatively inaccessible to the systemic circulation due to the blood-vitreous, blood-aqueous and blood-retinal barriers. Consequently, the administration of drugs for therapeutic effects in the eye necessitates an understanding of physico-chemical properties of the molecules and pharmacokinetic principles involved in the access to its site of action via topical, intracameral and intravitreal administration. This book includes information on the general principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs as it pertains to the eye and in combating ocular disorders and diseases. Using a disease-themed approach, the book discusses basic and clinical pharmacological principles involved in the therapy of these diseases including the ocular side effect of systemically-administered drugs, drugs used in ophthalmic surgery and miscellaneous agents, the therapeutic utility of biologics, drug conjugates, combination products, gene and cellular therapy are also covered. Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics is useful as a primary and secondary source of reference for up-to-date information about the pharmacological mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, drug-drug interactions and therapeutic indications of drugs for pharmacologists, pharmaceutical scientists, students in the health care disciplines (nursing, pharmacy, optometry, medical), and practitioners in optometry and ophthalmology.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. The eye as a target for drugs and other treatment modalities
Subchapter 1.1. Anatomy and pathology
Introduction
Anatomy and overview of eye diseases
Subchapter 1.2. Ocular biochemistry
Abstract
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
Retina
References
Subchapter 1.3. Physiology
Abstract
Anterior segment of the eye
Posterior segment of the eye
References
Subchapter 1.4. Receptors, ion channels, and signal transduction pathways as targets for drug intervention to mitigate ocular diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Phospholipase-C-coupled receptors, janus kinase pathway, transcription, and immunogenic factors in mediating conjunctivitis
Role of multiple of receptor-signaling pathways involved in causing and treating glaucoma
Receptor-tyrosine-kinase signaling pathways causing age-related macular degeneration
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 2. Ocular autonomic physiology and pharmacology
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of the ocular autonomic nervous system
Function of the ocular autonomic nervous system
Autonomic control of pupil diameter
Mechanisms of autonomic contractions of pupillary muscles
Autonomic regulation of ocular accommodation
Autonomic regulation of ocular blood flow
Autonomic regulation of intraocular pressure
Summary
References
Chapter 3. Ocular drug discovery and development
Subchapter 3.1. Drug discovery in ophthalmology: creating new chemical entities in new classes of drugs
Introduction/overview
Modern ophthalmic drug discovery—rho kinase inhibitors
Conclusion
Further reading
Subchapter 3.2. Screening strategies for drug discovery-focus on ocular hypertension
Abstract
Introduction
In vitro assays for screening potential ocular hypotensive compounds
Ex vivo ocular models for drug characterization
Animal models of OHT disease and in vivo studies
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Subchapter 3.3. Therapeutic modality aspects in safety and efficacy of ocular drugs
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of ocular drugs
Drug residence and sustained delivery
Pharmacodynamics of ocular drugs
Safety of ocular drugs
Overview
Conclusion
References
Subchapter 3.4. Investigational new drug-enabling studies for ocular and other therapeutics
Abstract
Introduction
Investigational new drug study applications
Studies and data to permit investigational new drug application filing
Conclusions
References
Subchapter 3.5. Preclinical ocular regulatory science—investigational new drug-enabling studies
Abstract
References
Subchapter 3.6. Ocular clinical regulatory sciences
Abstract
References
Chapter 4. Drug formulation, delivery, and ocular pharmacokinetics
Subchapter 4.1. Ocular formulation and novel drug delivery systems
Introduction
Routes of ocular drug administration and associated barriers
Key considerations in the development of ophthalmic formulations
Ophthalmic formulations
Subchapter 4.2. Ocular pharmacokinetics
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy/physiology
Topical ocular administration
Intravitreal administration
Other routes of administration
Systemic administration
Ocular metabolism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Pharmaco-devices therapy for glaucoma
Subchapter 5.1. The importance of distal outflow resistance in the regulation of intraocular pressure
Introduction
Intraocular pressure regulation
Distal outflow regulation
Clinical relevance of the distal portion of the outflow pathway
Summary and future directions
Subchapter 5.2. Various forms of glaucoma and their treatments
Abstract
Introduction
Primary open-angle glaucoma and its treatment
Normotensive glaucoma and its treatment
Primary closed-angle glaucoma and its treatment
Pharmaceutical treatment options for glaucomas
Laser treatments to reduce intraocular pressure
Surgical procedures to lower intraocular pressure
Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries-based devices for lowering intraocular pressure
Neuroprotection for glaucoma treatment
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Subchapter 5.3. Glaucoma pharmacology
Abstract
Definition
Types and pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lasers and surgeries
References
Subchapter 5.4. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgical devices
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
Subchapter 5.5. Gene therapy for ocular hypertension and glaucoma treatment
Abstract
Introduction
Application of gene therapy to lower intraocular pressure
Gene therapy for neuroprotection in glaucoma
Conclusions
References
Subchapter 5.6. Retina–brain axis and neuroprotection
Abstract
Retina–brain axis
Neuroprotection
References
Chapter 6. Pharmacotherapy of retinal diseases
Subchapter 6.1. Pharmacotherapy of retinal diseases
Basic science
Therapeutic strategies for treatment of retinal diseases
Pharmacology of agents used in the therapy of retinal diseases
Subchapter 6.2. Age-related macular degeneration and its treatment options
Abstract
Epidemiology
Clinical characteristics
Diagnosis
Etiology and pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration
Treatments
Concluding remarks
References
Subchapter 6.3. Pharmacotherapy of diabetic retinopathy
Abstract
Introduction
Systemic therapy
Local therapy
Future directions
References
Subchapter 6.4. Inherited retinal dystrophies
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies
Retinitis pigmentosa
Leber congenital amaurosis
Usher syndrome
X-linked retinoschisis
Achromatopsia
Choroideremia
Stargardt
Optogenetics
References
Chapter 7. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory eye diseases
Subchapter 7.1. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory eye diseases
Introduction
Blepharitis
Keratitis
Uveitis
Subchapter 7.2. Noninfectious anterior, posterior, and panuveitis and their treatments
Abstract
Epidemiology
Etiology and pathogenesis
Clinical characteristics and diagnosis
Treatments
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 8. Etiology and pharmacotherapy of ocular surface allergic diseases
Abstract
Introduction and overview
Epidemiology and etiology of human conjunctivitis
Short history of drug discovery for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and perennial allergic conjunctivitis
Pharmacotherapeutics for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and perennial allergic conjunctivitis treatment
Other types of allergic conjunctivitis and their treatments
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Pharmacotherapy of dry eye disease and ocular pain
Abstract
Dry eye disease and ocular pain, their manifestations and impact on the daily life of patients
Animal and cell-based models for dry eye disease
Clinical aspects of dry eye disease
Ocular pain (dry eye symptoms and injuries)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Pharmacotherapies for myopia and ocular refractive errors
Subchapter 10.1. The pharmocotherapy of myopia—animal studies and clinical trials
Introduction
Animal studies of pharmacological agents
Clinical studies of pharmacological agents
Subchapter 10.2. Cataracts and presbyopia
Abstract
Lens structure and functions
Presbyopia and cataract: age-related degeneration of lens function
Dysfunctional lens syndrome: an intermediate stage of lens aging
Pharmacological treatment approaches
Preclinical models of presbyopia and cataracts
Imaging modalities, assessments, and endpoints for presbyopia and cataracts
Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 11. Pharmacotherapy of ocular infectious diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Bacterial and viral infections and their treatments
Ocular fungal diseases and treatments
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Ocular side effects of drugs administered systemically for treatment of nonocular diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system
Drugs acting on the central nervous system
Antiinflammatory drugs
Antiviral and antimicrobial drugs
Anticancer drugs
Drugs used for skin diseases
Summary
References
Chapter 13. Current and emerging techniques/technologies in ocular research and drug/device development
Subchapter 13.1. Genome-wide association studies to unravel genetics of ocular diseases
Introduction
Specific examples of GWAS for different forms of glaucoma
GWAS for myopia
Conclusions
Further reading
Subchapter 13.2. Single-cell genetics approach in ophthalmology
Abstract
Cells in the eye
Cell characterization by single-cell mRNA expression profiling
Retinal cell subtype identification
Cell numbers and read numbers
Single-cell analysis of retinal diseases
Future development of mRNA expression profiling technology
References
Subchapter 13.3. Muller glia-derived exosomes and their microRNA cargo–potential for glaucoma therapies
Abstract
Introduction
Extracellular vesicles
Potential of extracellular vesicles derived from Müller glia for the development of neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma
Micro-RNAs and their potential for neuroprotective glaucoma therapies
Conclusions and future trends
References
Subchapter 13.4. Genetics and other techniques to create novel animal models for ocular research
Abstract
Introduction
Corneal and conjunctival diseases—animal models
Ocular hypertension/glaucoma and animal models
Cataracts and animal models
Age-related macular degeneration and animal models
Diabetic retinopathy and animal models
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Subchapter 13.5. Imaging of apoptosing retinal cells for early diagnosis
Abstract
Rationale to detection of apoptosing retinal cell technology
The detection of apoptosing retinal cell technique
Applications
References
Subchapter 13.6. Optogenetic approaches to gene therapy for vision restoration in retinal degenerative diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Optogenetics
Applications of optogenetics for vision restoration
Gene delivery methods
Nonopsin optogenetic strategies
Optogenetic clinical trials
Concluding remarks and future directions
References
Subchapter 13.7. Multispecific biologics in opthalmology
Abstract
Strategies in developing bispecific or multispecific biologics
Design and development of bispecific biologics
Development through preclinical and clinical phases
Conclusion
References
Subchapter 13.8. CRISPR–Cas9: current and future utilities in ocular diseases
Abstract
Introduction to genome editing
Tools for genome editing: ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR
Overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 system
Types of CRISPR–Cas enzymes
DNA repair: nonhomologous end-joining versus homology-directed repair
CRISPR–Cas9: current utility in ocular research
Glaucoma
Ocular angiogenesis
Leber congenital amaurosis
CRISPR–Cas9: clinical trials
Conclusions
References
Subchapter 13.9. DNA methylation: its role in retinal health and diseases
Abstract
DNA methylation
DNA methylation writers
DNA methylation erasers
DNA methylation readers
Roles of DNA methylation in retina development
DNA methylation and eye diseases
DNA methylation and uveitis
DNA methylation and age-related macular degeneration
DNA methylation and diabetic retinopathy
DNA methylation and glaucoma
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Index

Sunny Ohia

Sunny Ohia is a Professor of Pharmacology in the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences at Texas Southern University. Dr. Ohia has over 38 years of experience in higher education having served as a member of faculty in five universities in Canada and the United States. He holds other academic appointments as adjunct professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha and as an adjunct professor of integrative biology and pharmacology at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston. Dr. Ohia is a Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science and a Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. He's authored over 250 original papers, book chapters, books, and abstracts and, holds three U.S. and five international Patents for his scientific work.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA

Najam Sharif

Najam Sharif, Ph.D., D.Sc., FARVO, FBPhS, FAOPT is a graduate of Southampton University, England where he received his BSc (Joint Honors: Biochemistry and Physiology), PhD (Neuroscience), and DSc (by thesis; Ophthalmology). He has been in the pharmaceutical industry for >34-years holding leadership positions of increasing scope and responsibility at Parke-Davis/Warner-Lambert (Pfizer), Syntex Research (Roche), Alcon-Novartis, and is currently at Santen Inc (Vice President, Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, R&D Division). He contributed to the discovery/development and US FDA approvals of multiple drugs to treat glaucoma/ocular hypertension and ocular allergies. He was recently elected as a Gold Fellow of ARVO, Fellow of British Pharmacological Society (BPS), and a Trustee of Assoc. Ocular Pharmacology & Therapeutics. He was the recipient of the inaugural Dr. Roger Vogel award for pharmaceutical research presented by the ARVO Foundation (2014), the "Sir James Black Award” for contributions to drug discovery from BPS (2017), and the awardee of the Ernst H Barany Prize for exemplary contributions to ocular pharmacology (2020). He was also elected to the Board of Directors and the Scientific Advisory Board of The Glaucoma Foundation (2020). He serves on the editorial boards of numerous scientific journals, and is an Adjunct Professor and Thesis advisor at several global universities.

Affiliations and expertise

Vice President, R&D Division, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA.

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

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