Hagberg and Benumof's Airway Management

5th Edition - August 2, 2022
Editor: Carin A. Hagberg
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 3 8 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 2 4 4 9 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 3 9 - 5

Considered the go-to reference in airway management not only in anesthesia practice but also in emergency medicine and intensive care settings, Hagberg and Benumof's Airway… Read more

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Considered the go-to reference in airway management not only in anesthesia practice but also in emergency medicine and intensive care settings, Hagberg and Benumof's Airway Management ensures that practitioners worldwide are familiar and proficient with the most recent developments in equipment and scientific knowledge in this fast-changing area. Covering all aspects of this fundamental practice, the new 5th Edition facilitates the safe performance of airway management for all airway practitioners, regardless of specialty, using a concise, how-to approach, carefully chosen illustrations, and case examples and analysis throughout.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Video Contents
Part 1 Basic Clinical Science Considerations
Chapter 1 Functional Anatomy of the Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Upper Airway
Lower Airway
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 2 Radiographic and Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Imaging Modalities
Basics of Radiograph Interpretation
Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Pathology: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 3 Ultrasonography in Airway Management
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
The Ultrasound Image and How to Obtain It
Visualizing the Airway and the Adjacent Structures
Clinical Applications
Special Techniques and Future Aspects
Learning Ultrasonography
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Selected References
References
Chapter 4 Physics of the Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
The Gas Laws
Gas Flow
Work of Breathing
Pulmonary Biomechanics
Anesthesia at Moderate Altitude
Estimation of Gas Rates
Ventilation via Narrow-Bore Catheters
Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE)
Selected Dimensional Equivalents
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 5 Physiology of the Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Normal Respiratory Physiology (Nonanesthetized)
Respiratory Function During Anesthesia
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 6 Airway Pharmacology
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
General Pharmacologic Concepts and Clinical Considerations
Anesthetic Drugs and Effect on the Airway
Airway Pharmacology for Reactive Airway Disease
Perioperative Approach to the Patient With a Reactive Airway
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 7 Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Responses to Intubation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Cardiovascular Responses During Airway Manipulation
Prevention of Cardiovascular Responses
Airway Effects of Tracheal Intubation
Control and Treatment of the Respiratory Responses to Airway Instrumentation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Part 2 The Difficult Airway: Definition, Assessment, Planning, and Algorithms
Chapter 8 Definition and Incidence of the Difficult Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Definition and Classification of the Difficult Airway
Difficult Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy
Other Considerations
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 9 Airway Assessment and Prediction of the Difficult Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Patient History
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Studies
Clinical and Scientific Challenges of Airway Assessment
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 10 Development of an Airway Management Plan
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Decision-Making
Evaluation of the Airway
The Need to Control the Airway
Laryngoscopy and Intubation
Ventilation
Risk of Aspiration of Gastric Contents
Tolerance of Apnea
Emergency Invasive Airway Access
Integration: The Airway Approach Algorithm
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 11 Algorithms for Management of the Difficult Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Usefulness of Airway Algorithms
Definition of Terms and Degree of Obligation
National Anesthesia Society Guidelines
Extubation of the Patient With a Difficult Airway
Follow-Up Care of the Patient With a Difficult Airway
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 12 Human Factors in Airway Management
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Components of Airway Management
Processes of Airway Management
Practical Design Methods for Airway Management
Following Airway Management
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Part 3 Preintubation-Ventilation Procedures
Chapter 13 Preparation of the Patient for Awake Intubation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Preoperative Preparations
Premedication and Sedation
Topicalization
Nerve Blocks
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 14 Aspiration Prevention and Prophylaxis: Preoperative Considerations for the Full Stomach Patient
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Perioperative Aspiration
Prevention of Aspiration
Medical Prophylaxis of Aspiration
Management of Pulmonary Aspiration
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Selected References
References
Chapter 15 Perioxygenation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Physiologic Considerations
Efficacy and Efficiency of Preoxygenation
Techniques for Preoxygenation and Prolongation of Apnea Time
Oxygen Delivery Systems
Breathing Systems for Preoxygenation
Special Situations
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 16 Techniques to Induce General Anesthesia
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Standard Intravenous Induction With Neuromuscular Blockade
Intravenous Induction Without Neuromuscular Blockade
Rapid Sequence Induction and Intubation
Inhalational Induction
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Part 4 The Airway Techniques
Chapter 17 History of Airway Management
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Introduction of Anesthesia
Difficult Airway Management
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 18 Noninvasive Management of the Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Overview
Functional Anatomy and Its Role in Upper Airway Obstruction
Techniques and Devices Used to Secure Airway Patency
Face Mask Ventilation Techniques
Difficult Mask Ventilation
Controlled Ventilation by Face Mask
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 19 Supraglottic Airway Techniques
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Terminology and Classification
Standards in Evaluation of Supraglottic Airways
Laryngeal Mask Airways
Non-LMA SGAs
Choosing to Use an SGA and Choosing Among Them
The Role of Supraglottic Airways in a Respiratory Pandemic
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 20 Laryngoscopic Tracheal Intubation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Tracheal Intubation for Resuscitation
Tracheal Intubation for Prehospital Care
Tracheal Intubation for Emergency Medicine
Tracheal Intubation for Intensive Care
Tracheal Intubation for Anesthesia
Historical Development and Indications
Decisions Before Tracheal Intubation
Preparation for Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation
Techniques for Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 21 Nonvisual Techniques of Tracheal Intubation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Digital Intubation
Blind Nasal Intubation
Retrograde Intubation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 22 Intubating Introducers and Lighted and Optical Stylets
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Intubating Introducers and Stylets
Lighted Stylets
Optical Stylets
Combination Techniques
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 23 Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Brief History
Image Recording
Clinical Scenarios
Injury Associated With Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy
Comparison of Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy Devices
Future Directions With Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 24 Flexible Scope Intubation Techniques
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Terminology
How They Work, How to Choose, and What to Do With Them
Rationale for Flexible Bronchoscope Intubation
Equipment
Awake Tracheal Intubation in Adults
Oral or Nasal Flexible Bronchoscopic Intubation in Asleep Patients
Combination Techniques: Devices Combined With Flexible Intubation Scopes
Special Flexible Bronchoscope Uses
Flexible Scope Oxygen Insufflation (Rarely Recommended)—Supplements Preferred
Flexible Scope Intubation in Infants and Children (See Also Chapter 36)
Oral or Nasal Flexible Scope Intubation in Asleep Pediatric Patients
Advantages of Flexible Bronchoscopes
Disadvantages of Flexible Bronchoscopes: Are They Significant?
Preventing and Overcoming Flexible Intubation Scope Failure
Practicing Tips for Novices, Intermediates, or Experts
Generous Instructor Teaching and Learning Experience
Tips on Using Flexible Bronchoscopes in Any Clinical Setting
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Selected References
References
Chapter 25 Combination Techniques
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Difficulty With the Use of Flexible Endoscopy in Clinical Practice
Learning the Multimodal Airway Management Concept With Virtual Reality
Limits of Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy When Used Alone
Supraglottic Devices and Multimodal Airway Management
Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy and Flexible Scope Intubation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 26 Lung Isolation Techniques
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Physiology
Indications for Lung Separation
Techniques
Novel Double-Lumen Tubes
Pediatric Lung Isolation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 27 Rigid Bronchoscopy
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Indications and Contraindications
Instrumentation
Preoperative Considerations
Anesthesia for Bronchoscopy
Surgical Technique
Complications
Foreign Body Removal
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 28 Percutaneous Emergency Airway Access
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Definitions and Classifications
Indications and Contraindications
Percutaneous Dilatational Cricothyrotomy
Transtracheal Jet Ventilation
Postoperative Considerations
Complications and Outcome Data
Training Models
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 29 Surgical Airway in Emergent and Nonemergent Contexts
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
History of Surgical Airways
Incidence of Surgical Airway
Types of Surgical Airway
Indications for Nonemergency Surgical Airway
Indications for Emergency Surgical Airway
Essential Anatomy for Emergency and Nonemergency Surgical Airway
Surface Anatomy Landmarking
Cricothyrotomy
Human Factors in Surgical Airway Performance
Recognizing an Evolving CVCO Emergency
Future Directions
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 30 Confirmation of Tracheal Intubation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Overview
Reports of Incidence of Endotracheal Tube Malposition
Primary Endotracheal Detection Techniques
Secondary Endotracheal Detection Techniques
Techniques to Determine Endotracheal Tube Insertion Depth
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Part 5 Difficult Airway Situations
Chapter 31 Prehospital Airway Management
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Overview of the Prehospital Care Environment and Structure
Trauma
Pediatric Intubation
Rapid Sequence Intubation
Rapid Sequence Airway
Sedation-Facilitated Intubation
Airway Management Issues by Specific Setting
Application of Airway Techniques in the Prehospital Environment
Video-Assisted Laryngoscopy
Intubation of the Supine Patient
Future Directions
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 32 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Airway Management
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines
Initial Airway Management During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Advanced Airway Management During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Confirmation of Endotracheal Tube Placement During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Alternative Methods of Oxygen Delivery During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Airway Management Postintubation and after Return of Spontaneous Circulation
Challenges of Airway Management During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Infection Risk During CPR and Airway Management
Controversies
Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support and Resuscitation
Neonatal Basic and Advanced Life Support and Resuscitation
Clinical Pearls
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 33 Austere Environment and Disaster Preparedness
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Epidemiology: Natural Versus Man-Made Disasters
Triage Techniques
Mass Trauma
Operating Room Checklist for Mass Casualty
Biological Threats
Epidemic Versus Pandemic
Chemical Threats
Radiation Exposure
Surge Management
Personal Protective Equipment
Infrastructure Resiliency
Simulation and Training
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 34 Airway Management in Trauma
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
General Considerations
Principles of Airway Management in the Trauma Patient
Specific Clinical Considerations in Trauma
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 35 Airway Management in Burn Patients
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Burn Injury and the Airway
Phases of Burn Injury
Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Toxicity
Specific Airway Management Considerations in Burn Patients
Tracheal Extubation in Burn Patients
Airway Management of Pediatric Burn Patients
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 36 Airway Management in Pediatric Patients
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Anatomy of the Pediatric Airway
Evaluation of the Pediatric Airway
Classification of the Difficult Pediatric Airway
Pediatric Airway Equipment
Induction Technique
Airway Management Techniques
Complications of Airway Management
Airway Diseases and Implications
Pediatric Trauma
Extubation of the Difficult Airway
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 37 Airway Management in Obstetric Patients
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Common Obstetric Practices and Concerns
Incidence of Difficult or Failed Intubation and Cannot Intubate/Cannot Oxygenate in Obstetrics
Anesthesia-Related Maternal Mortality
Trends in Obstetric Anesthesia
Risk Assessment
Predictors of Difficult Mask Ventilation and Predictors of Difficult Intubation
Management of the Difficult Airway in Obstetrical Patients in Labor
Management of Parturient With Predicted Difficult Airway Undergoing Operative Delivery
Management of Parturient With Unanticipated Difficult Airway Undergoing Urgent/Emergent Cesarean Delivery for Maternal or Fetal Compromise
Recommendations for Availability of Airway Devices
Strategies to Avoid Postoperative Airway Catastrophes
Communication, Documentation, Handoff, and Airway Alerts
The Importance of Simulation-Based Training in Obstetric Anesthesia
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 38 Airway Management in Head and Neck Surgery
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Preoperative Airway Assessment and Preparation
Devising Safe Airway Management Strategies for Tracheal Intubation
Tracheal Extubation in Head and Neck Surgery
Use of the Supraglottic Airways as the Primary Ventilatory Devices in Elective Head and Neck Surgery
Special Situations
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 39 Airway Management in Neurosurgical Patients
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
The Neurosurgical Patient
Clinical Strategies for the Neurosurgical Patient
Failed Intubation or Anticipated Difficult Airway
Postoperative Considerations
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 40 Obesity, Sleep Apnea, the Airway, and Anesthesia
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Definitions of Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obesity, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and the Airway
Effects of Anesthesia and Surgery on Postoperative Sleep
Perioperative Risks of Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Considerations
COVID-19 Considerations
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 41 Regional Anesthesia and the Difficult Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Preparation and Communication
Strategies for Successful Management of a Patient With a Difficult Airway Under Regional Anesthesia
Conversion from Regional Anesthesia to General Anesthesia
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 42 Airway Management in Non-Operating Room Locations
Chapter Outline
KEY POINTS
Introduction
Safety Profile and Risks of NORA
Monitoring Requirements of Nora
Choice of Anesthesia and Sedation
Airway Considerations in Nora
Procedure Specific Airway Management
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 43 Airway Management in Intensive Care Medicine
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Noninvasive Ventilation
Tracheal Intubation
Emergency Invasive Airway Access
Airway Care in the Mechanically Ventilated Patient
Tracheostomy Complications
The Obstructed Airway in the Intensive Care Unit
Extubation in the Intensive Care Unit
Delayed Complications of Intensive Care Unit Airway Management
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Part 6 Postintubation Procedures
Chapter 44 The Endotracheal Tube and Respiratory Care
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Properties of the Endotracheal Tube
Physiologic Effects of Endotracheal Tube Placement
Complications of Endotracheal Tube Placement
Endotracheal Tubes and Other Airway Adjuncts
Proper Safeguarding of the Airway
Maintenance of the Endotracheal Tube
Bronchoscopy
Respiratory Therapies for the Intubated Patient
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 45 Mechanical Ventilation
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Noninvasive Ventilation
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Characteristics of Mechanical Ventilation
Common Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
Uncommon Modes of Ventilation
Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation
Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 46 Monitoring the Airway and Pulmonary Function
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Monitoring the Airway
Monitoring Respiratory Function
Monitoring Pulmonary Function During Mechanical Ventilatory Support
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Selected References
References
Chapter 47 Extubation and Reintubation of the Difficult Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Extubation Failures and Challenges
Extubation Risk Stratification
Extubation Strategies
Insufflation and Jet Ventilation Through Stylets
Communication
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 48 Complications of Managing the Airway
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Complications With Mask Ventilation
Complications With Supraglottic Airways
Complications With Intubation
Complications With Infraglottic Procedures
Physiologic Responses
Complications With Extubation
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Part 7 Societal Considerations
Chapter 49 Airway Management Education
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Clinical Teaching
Competency-Based Medical Education Curriculum
A Staged Approach to Developing Airway Expertise
Procedural Skill Education
Simulation-Based Medical Education
Other Sources of Airway Management Education
Assessment, Feedback, and Debriefing
Human Factors and Leadership Education
Research for Airway Management Education
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 50 Dissemination of Critical Airway Information
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Current Difficult Airway Databases
Clinical Practices and Patient Identification
Future Directions
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 51 Airway Research
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials
Literature Review
Observational Studies
Ideal Trial
Pitfalls with Airway Research
Airway Research: Questions or Answers
Studies in Airway Assessment
Facilitating Airway Research
Guidelines for Airway Management
Surgical Airway/Emergency Invasive Airway Access
Pediatric Research
The Role of Audits, Surveys of Practice, and Case Reports
COVID-19
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 52 Airway Management and Outcomes Reporting
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Documentation of Airway Management Outcomes
Quality Improvement in Anesthesia
Collecting Data
Anesthesia Information Management Systems
Airway Management Outcomes Reported in the Literature
Levels of Outcome Reporting
The Concept of Difficult Airway Management
The Future of Airway Management Measurement
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Chapter 53 Role of the Airway Community
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Introduction
Individual Societies
Common Goals of Airway Societies
Membership
Annual Meetings
Publications by Societies
Impact on Patient Care: Patient Safety
Social Media and Airway Management
Future Directions
Conclusion
Selected References
References
Index

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Hagberg and Benumof's Airway Management

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Carin A. Hagberg