Graphene

1. Introduction1.1 What is graphene1.2 Fundamentals on materials science of carbon1.2.1 Classification of carbon materials1.2.2 Structure and nanotexture of carbon materials1.2.3 Carbonization and graphitization1.2.4 Carbon materialsa) Highly-oriented graphite materialsb) Synthetic graphite materialsc) Fibrous carbon materialsd) Nanoporous carbonse) Spherical carbon materialsf) Glass-like carbons1.3 Construction and purposes of the present bookReferences2. Preparations of graphene2.1 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)2.1.1 Synthesis of graphene filmsa) On Ptb) On Nic) On Cud) On other metalse) On SiCf) On other metal carbidesg) On HOPGh) Transfer of CVD-grown graphene films2.1.2 Synthesis of graphene flakes2.1.3 Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanohorns2.1.4 Substitutional doping of heteroatoms2.1.5 Graphene foams2.2 Cleavage (Peeling)2.2.1 Mechanical cleavage2.2.2 Cleavage in solution2.2.3 Cleavage via intercalation compounds2.3 Exfoliation2.3.1 Synthesis of graphene oxide2.3.2 Exfoliation of graphene oxide2.3.3 Reduction of graphene oxidea) Thermal reductionb) Chemical reductionc) Hydrogen reductiond) Hydrothermal reductione) Irradiation reductionf) Electrochemical reduction2.3.4 Functionalization of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide2.3.5 Fabrication of transparent graphene films2.3.6 Fabrication of graphene foams (sponges)2.4 Other processes2.4.1 Chemical synthesis2.4.2 Unzipping of carbon nanotubes2.5 Concluding remarksReferences3. Electronic properties and applications3.1 Fundamental electronic properties3.1.1 Electronic Structure of graphene3.1.2 Effects of defects, edges and charging3.2 Applications to Information Technology3.2.1 Transistor devices3.2.2 Spintronics devices3.3.3 Transparent Electrode3.3 Applications to Energy & Other social field3.3.1 Thermoelectric devices3.3.2 Sensor devices3.3.3 Photon detector3.3.4 Resistance Standard3.4 Concluding remarksReferences4. Chemical properties and applications4.1 Fundamental chemical properties4.2 Hydrogenation and oxidation4.3 Applications to energy storage4.3.1 Lithium-ion batteries4.3.2 Electrochemical capacitors4.3.3 Lithium ion capacitors4.3.4 Solar cells (Photovoltaic cells)a) Semiconductor solar cells (Schottky junction solar cells)b) Polymer solar cells (Dye-sensitized solar cells)4.3.5 Fuel cells4.3.6 Hydrogen storage4.4 Applications to environment remediation4.4.1 Adsorption of polluting molecules and ions4.4.2 Sorption and recovery of oils4.4.3 Capacitive deionization for water desalination4.4.4 Catalysts4.4.5 Chemical sensors4.5 Concluding remarksReferences5. Mechanical properties and application5.1 Fundamental mechanical properties5.2 Application to mechanical sensors5.2.1 Pressure sensors5.2.2 Strain sensors5.2.3 Position detectors5.3 Application as Rigid body materials5.3.1 Mechanical Oscillator5.3.2 Constructional materials5.4 Concluding remarksReferences6. Thermal properties and applications6.1 Fundamental thermal properties6.2 Thermal interface materials6.3 Nanofluids6.4 Thermal energy storage6.5 Concluding remarksReferences7. Biomedical properties and applications7.1 Fundamental biomedical properties7.2 Biocompatibility7.3 Cell managementsa) Scaffolds for cell culturingb) Stem cell differentiationc) Cell imagingd) Antibacterial activity7.4 Delivery carriers for drugs7.5 Biosensors7.6 Concluding remarksReferences8. Beyond graphene8.1 Graphene derivatives8.1.1 Graphane (Hydrogenated graphene)8.1.2 Fluorographene (Fluorinated graphene)8.1.3 Graphene oxide (Oxidized graphene)8.1.4 Graphyne and Graphdiyne8.2 Single layer materials8.2.1 Honeycomb layers of Group IV elements8.2.2 Honeycomb layers of Group III-V compounds8.2.3 Single layers of transition metal dichalcogenides8.3 Layer-by-layer composites8.4 Concluding remarksReferences9. Prospects