Glucuronic Acid Free and Combined

List of Contributors

Preface

Introduction

Part I: Chemistry

Chapter 1 Chemistry of D-Glucuronic Acid and Its Glycosides

I. Introduction

II. Synthesis of D-Glucuronic Acid

III. General Properties of Uronic Acids

IV. Identification and Determination of D-Glucuronic Acid

V. Separation of Uronic Acids

VI. Other Reactions of D-Glucuronic Acid and Derivatives

VII. Formation of the Glycuronosyl Bond

VIII. Chemical Hydrolysis of the D-Glucuronosyl Bond

IX. Condensation of D-Glucuronic Acid with Amines

X. 1-Thio Derivatives of D-Glucuronic Acid

XI. Preparation of Labeled D-Glucuronic Acid

XII. Tables of D-Glucosiduronic Acids and Their General Properties

Appendix: Compendium of Practical Methods for the Determination of D-Glucuronic Acid

References

Chapter 2 Chemistry of Polysaccharides Containing Glucuronic Acid

I. Introduction

II. Animal Polysaccharides

III. Bacterial Polysaccharides

IV. Plant Polysaccharides

References

Part II: Metabolism

Chapter 3 The Biosynthesis of Glucuronides

I. Historical Aspects of the Study of Glucuronide Biosynthesis

II. Other Possible Mechanisms of Glucuronide Biosynthesis

III. UDPGlucuronic Acid

IV. General Properties of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase (UDPGlucuronic Acid Glucuronyl Transferase)

V. Factors Affecting Glucuronide Biosynthesis and UDP-Glucuronyltransferase In Vivo

Appendix I : Assay of Udpglucuronic Acid

Appendix II Assay of Udp-Glucuronyltransferase

Appendix III: Assay and Levels of Free and Conjugated Glucuronic Acid In Urine and Serum

References

Chapter 4 β-Glucuronidase and the Hydrolysis of Glucuronides

I. Introduction

II. Distribution

III. Purification

IV. Action

V. Effect of pH

VI. Interfering Substances

VII. Specific Inhibitors

VIII. Kinetics of Hydrolysis and Inhibition

IX. Clinical Implications

X. β-Glucuronidase Activity of Mammalian and Nonmammalian Tissues

Appendix: Assay of β-Glucuronidase

References

Chapter 5 Metabolism of Glucuronic Acid and Its Lactone

I. Introduction

II. Metabolism of D-Glucuronic Acid in Animals

III. Conversion of Inositol to D-Glucuronic Acid

IV. Biosynthesis of D-Glucuronic Acid

V. Effect of Drugs and Chemicals on Glucuronic Acid Metabolism

VI. Metabolism of L-Ascorbic Acid

VII. Glucuronic Acid Metabolism in Plants

VIII. Glucuronic Acid Metabolism in Bacteria

IX. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6 Metabolism of Polysaccharides Containing Glucuronic Acid

I. Introduction

II. Polysaccharides of Animals

III. Polysaccharides of Microorganisms

IV. Polysaccharides of Higher Plants

Appendix: Estimation of Polysaccharides Containing Glucuronic Acid

References

Part III: Biological Implications of Conjugation with Glucuronic Acid

Chapter 7 Implication of the Conjugation of Drugs and Other Exogenous Compounds

I. Introduction

II. Types of Glucuronic Acid Conjugation

III. Types of Drugs Undergoing Conjugation with Glucuronic Acid

IV. Physicochemical Properties of Glucuronides

V. Pharmacological Properties of Glucuronides

VI. Mechanism of Drug Inactivation by Glucuronide Formation

VII. The Excretion of Glucuronides

VIII. Conclusion

References

Chapter 8 Implication of Conjugation of Endogenous Compounds—Bilirubin

I. Origin and Metabolism of Bilirubin

II. Conjugation and Excretion of Bilirubin

III. Effect of Impaired Conjugation on Bilirubin Metabolism

IV. Physiological Significance of Bilirubin Conjugation

References

Chapter 9 Implication of Conjugation of Endogenous Compounds—Steroids and Thyroxine

I. Introduction

II. Biosynthesis of Glucuronides

III. Metabolism of Steroid Glucuronides

IV. Relation between the Structure of Steroids and Their Form of Urinary Elimination

V. Physiological Conditions and Steroid Glucuroconjugation

References

Author Index

Subject Index