Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin

From Industrial Production to Food, Health, and Pharmaceutical Applications

1st Edition - April 9, 2021
Editors: Gokare A. Ravishankar, A. Ranga Rao
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 3 0 4 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 3 0 5 - 4

Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin: From Industrial Production to Food, Health, and Pharmaceutical Applications explores the range of practical applications for this molecule,… Read more

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Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin: From Industrial Production to Food, Health, and Pharmaceutical Applications explores the range of practical applications for this molecule, focusing on nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products, along with food and feed. This volume brings together the most relevant research, background and future thinking on astaxanthin, focusing on its health benefits. Chapters cover phytopharmaceuticals, industrial production, feeds, downstream processing, regulations, products, color, pigment, cosmetics, bioactive compounds, relationships to other carotenoids, and skin care. The detailed information on its production, processing, utilization and future applications will be of particular use to academic and industry researchers in pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacology and nutrition.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Astaxanthin From Diverse Sources Leading to Industrial Production
Chapter 1: Synthesis of astaxanthin and its esters
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: General characteristics of natural astaxanthin esters
3: Prospects for the use of biocatalysts in the synthesis of semisynthetic derivatives of astaxanthin
4: Synthesis of astaxanthin esters
5: Conclusions
Chapter 2: The physiology of astaxanthin production by carotenogenic microalgae
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Biosynthesis of astaxanthin and its coordination with lipid biosynthesis
3: Triggering of astaxanthin biosynthesis and its regulation
4: Biological significance of astaxanthin accumulation
5: Concluding remarks: Perspectives for astaxanthin from microalgae
Chapter 3: Astaxanthin from Chromochloris zofingiensis: Feasibility analysis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Astaxanthin production by Chromochloris zofingiensis
3: Advantages and limitations of Chromochloris zofingiensis for astaxanthin production
4: Engineering strategies for enhanced astaxanthin production
5: Conclusions
Chapter 4: Astaxanthin in microalgae Eustigmatophyceae
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Astaxanthin structure
3: Synthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin
4: Bioactivity of astaxanthin
5: Current global market of astaxanthin
6: Astaxanthin in microalgae
7: Astaxanthin in the Eustigmatophyceae
8: Conclusions
Chapter 5: Astaxanthin production by autotrophic cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis: A success story
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Physiological aspects of Haematococcus pluvialis
3: Astaxanthin biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis
4: Astaxanthin market aspects
5: Haematococcus pluvialis mass cultivation process for astaxanthin production
6: Conclusions
Chapter 6: Optimization of astaxanthin production processes from microalga Haematococcus
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Current industrial production
3: Strain selection and improvement
4: Optimizing vegetative growth for biomass amassment
5: Optimizing stress conditions for AX accumulation
6: Developing novel cultivation methodologies
7: Conclusions
Chapter 7: Production of astaxanthin by Haematococcus pluvialis: Lab processes to scale up including the cost considerations
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Upstream laboratory process evaluation
3: Haematococcus pluvialis biomass and astaxanthin production cost
4: Astaxanthin extraction laboratory conditions
5: Astaxanthin producing Haematococcus pluvialis: Broadening horizon
6: Conclusion
Chapter 8: Astaxanthin-biological production and regulation for enhanced yields
Abstract
1: What is astaxanthin
2: The biological functions and applications of astaxanthin
3: Biosources of astaxanthin
4: Astaxanthin biosynthesis pathways in H. pluvialis
5: Astaxanthin production improvement methods
6: Strain developments
7: Conclusion and perspectives
Chapter 9: Metabolic engineering of astaxanthin pathway and heterologous production in novel organisms
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
3: Classical genetic approaches to improve astaxanthin yield (mutagenicity)
4: Metabolic pathway engineering
5: Conclusion
Chapter 10: Revealing mechanisms of algal astaxanthin production and bioengineering potential using multiomics
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction: Astaxanthin, a carotenoid for human health and industry
2: Evolution and distribution of astaxanthin accumulation in algae
3: Comparative genomics of H. pluvialis and C. zofingiensis
4: Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis for astaxanthin accumulation
5: Biosynthesis, modification, and packaging of astaxanthin in algae
6: Conclusion: From mechanistic models to engineering strategies
Chapter 11: Astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis by using illuminated photobioreactor
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Comparison between the closed and open system
3: Physical and chemical configuration of the illuminated photobioreactors
4: Process for scaling up the production from laboratory to pilot and mass scale
5: Conclusion
Chapter 12: Recent developments in astaxanthin production from Phaffia rhodozyma and its applications
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Characteristics of P. rhodozyma as an astaxanthin source
3: Biosynthesis of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma
4: Accumulation strategies of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma
5: Potential applications of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma
6: Conclusions
Chapter 13: Turning leftover to treasure: An overview of astaxanthin from shrimp shell wastes
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Properties of astaxanthin
3: The color of astaxanthin
4: Managing crustacean wastes and turning it into a gem
5: Extraction of astaxanthin
6: Identification of astaxanthin
7: What comes next?
8: Contribution of astaxanthin to the economy
9: Future prospects
10: Conclusion
Section 2: Astaxanthin: Extraction, Characterization, and Downstream Processing
Chapter 14: Industrial perspective on downstream processing of Haematococcus pluvialis
Abstract
1: Downstream processing of astaxanthin-derived Haematococcus pluvialis and the challenges to overcome
2: Harvesting dilute cultures
3: Cell disruption and extraction
4: Astaxanthin delivery vehicles for humans: Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical
5: Direct incorporation in feed and food
6: Bioavailability, digestibility, stability, and scalability of astaxanthin
7: Conclusions and future direction
Chapter 15: Bioextraction of astaxanthin adopting varied techniques and downstream processing methodologies
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Cell wall structure and disruption techniques
3: Conventional and emerging astaxanthin extraction technologies
4: Astaxanthin from other bioresources
5: Future prospect and conclusion
Chapter 16: Overview of extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction technology vis-a-vis quality demands
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Haematococcus pluvialis: The best suitable organism for the production of astaxanthin
3: Different extraction methods of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis
4: Supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) for extraction of astaxanthin
5: Different influential parameters in astaxanthin extraction
6: Analysis of astaxanthin
7: Conclusions
Chapter 17: High-pressure extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: High-pressure extraction techniques
3: Haematococcus pluvialis-derived astaxanthin
4: Recovery of astaxanthin in red phase by high-pressure extraction techniques
5: Current global market and market players of H. pluvialis astaxanthin
6: Conclusion and perspectives
Chapter 18: Astaxanthin extraction—Recent methods, developments and case studies
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Solvent extraction
3: Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
4: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)
5: Oil stripping method
6: Ultrafiltration
7: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
8: Enzymatic hydrolysis method
9: Magnetic field-assisted extraction (MF)
10: High-pressure extraction (HPE)
11: Conclusions
Section 3: Astaxanthin for Food, Health, Pharmaceuticals—Safety and Regulatory Issues
Chapter 19: Efficacy of astaxanthin from different sources: Reports on the suitability for human health and nutrition
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Chemical differences between forms of astaxanthin
3: Differences in antioxidant activity between forms of astaxanthin
4: Animal research shows superior efficacy and bioactivity of NAT-AX in comparison with SYN-AX and PH-AX
5: Survival rates, stress resistance and growth rates in shrimp
6: Gastric ulcers in rats—Study #1
7: Gastric ulcers in rats—Study #2
8: Antioxidant activity and increase of lifespan in model organism for longevity in mammals
9: Endurance in mice
10: Skin cancer, antioxidant activity, retinol levels and tyrosinase enzyme levels in rats
11: Summary of human clinical research
12: Conclusions
Chapter 20: Oxidation products of astaxanthin: An overview
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Apoastaxanthins as autooxidation products of astaxanthin
3: Astaxanthin epoxides and endperoxides as reaction products of astaxanthin with active oxygen species
4: Reaction products of astaxanthin with hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl−)
5: Reaction products of astaxanthin with active nitrogen reactive nitrogen species
6: Apoastaxanthins as impurity of synthetic astaxanthin
7: Conclusion
Chapter 21: Anticancer properties of astaxanthin: A molecule of great promise
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Cancer preventive mechanisms of ATX
3: Effects of ATX on tumor progression
4: Combination cancer treatment with ATX
5: Conclusions
Chapter 22: Astaxanthin for improved muscle function and enhanced physical performance
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: The impact of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle during exercise
3: The role of astaxanthin on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress during exercise
4: Outcomes in strength and endurance training with astaxanthin
5: The function of astaxanthin in exercise-induced inflammation and muscle recovery
6: Conclusions
Chapter 23: Comprehensive integrated overview of the experimental and clinical neuroprotective effect of astaxanthin
Abstract
1: Sources of astaxanthin
2: Chemical structure and structure-activity relationship of astaxanthin
3: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics
4: Mechanism of action
5: Safety and dose administration
6: Astaxanthin and central nervous system
7: Conclusion
Chapter 24: Rheological properties of astaxanthin oleoresins and their derived products
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Rheological studies
3: Rheological models used for astaxanthin oleoresins and other derived products
4: Statistical tools for validation of rheological models
5: Rheological properties of oleoresin and emulsions of astaxanthin
6: Red meal (1.5%)
7: Conclusions
Chapter 25: Astaxanthin nanoparticles from fabrication to applications in food formulations including regulatory issues
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: General aspects
3: Size reduced-astaxanthin (astaxanthin microparticles and nanoparticles)
4: Conclusion
Chapter 26: Stability of astaxanthin during food processing and methods of preservation
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Chemical structure of astaxanthin
3: Stability of astaxanthin
4: Effect of temperature, light, acids, and pH on astaxanthin
5: Effect of food processing on astaxanthin
6: Preventing degradation of astaxanthin in food products
7: Preservation techniques of astaxanthin
8: Stability of astaxanthin during food storage
9: Conclusions
Chapter 27: Beneficial effects of astaxanthin in cosmeceuticals with focus on emerging market trends
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Cosmeceuticals potential of astaxanthin
3: Commercial available product from astaxanthin and its future perspective
4: Conclusion
Chapter 28: Safety assessment and pharmaceutical effects of astaxanthin: An overview
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Sources of ASX
3: Structure of ASX
4: Bioavailability of ASX
5: Metabolites of ASX
6: Clinical and safety aspects of ASX
7: Biological activities of ASX
8: Conclusion
Section 4: Global-Scenario of Astaxanthin Production
Chapter 29: Astaxanthin production and technology in Vietnam and other Asian countries
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Characteristics and structure of astaxanthin
3: Biosynthesis pathways of astaxanthin
4: Sources of astaxanthin
5: Biochemistry of astaxanthin
6: Biological activities of astaxanthin and its applications
7: Production of astaxanthin and technology in Vietnam and Asian countries
8: Extract methods, storage and stability of astaxanthin
9: Commercial market, safety and challenges of astaxanthin
10: Conclusions
Chapter 30: Utilization of astaxanthin from Haematococcus for its use in aquaculture and poultry industries
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Benefits of astaxanthin utilisation in aquaculture
3: Benefits of astaxanthin utilisation in poultry industry
4: Conclusion and future directions
Chapter 31: Astaxanthin from bacteria as a feed supplement for animals
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Native bacterial producers of astaxanthin
3: Bioengineered bacterial producers of astaxanthin
4: Bacterial astaxanthin as a feed supplement
5: Bacterial astaxanthin in poultry farming
6: Bacterial astaxanthin in aquaculture
7: Bacterial astaxanthin in livestock farming
8: Conclusion
Section 5: Miscellaneous: Carotenoids and Their Health Benefits; Astaxanthin as Colorant in Foods
Chapter 32: Carotenoid metabolic pathways and their functional role in health and diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Biosynthesis of carotenoids
3: Absorption, distribution and disposition of carotenoids in humans
4: Carotenoids distribution in cell membrane
5: Carotenoids health benefits
6: Formation and biological significance of carotenoid metabolites or oxidative derivatives
7: Nonenzymatic photooxidation or autooxidation or in vitro generation of carotenoid oxidation products
8: Conclusion
Chapter 33: Current knowledge on the health benefits of carotenoids: Focus on the scientific evidence
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Carotenoids and chronic diseases
Chapter 34: Recent updates on the neuroprotective role of carotenoids: Astaxanthin and beyond
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: The neuroprotective effects of carotenoids
3: Beneficial effects of carotenoids on neurodegenerative disorders
4: Conclusion
Chapter 35: Storage stability studies of astaxanthin, oleoresins and emulsions, in products developed for human consumption
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Function and application of astaxanthin
3: Liquid and semiliquid dairy products with addition of astaxanthin oleoresin
4: Nongreasy liquid products with addition from astaxanthin oleoresin emulsion
5: Mayonnaise dressing
6: Conclusion
Subject Index

Gokare A. Ravishankar

Gokare A. Ravishankar is an Adjunct Professor, and Vice-President in Research and Development in Life Science and Biotechnology Disciplines, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering & Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru India. . He served as a Director Grade- Chief Scientist & Head of Plant Cell Biotechnology Department at Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India. He is a world-renowned scientist recognized as Fellow of a number of Science Academies including the Institute of Food Technologists (USA), International Academy of Food Science and Technology (Canada), National Academy of Sciences (India) and several more. He has authored over 370 publications, 50 patents and 7 books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Biotechnology, serving as Adjunct- Vice-President in Research and Development, Life Science Division, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, India.

A. Ranga Rao

Dr Ranga Rao has carried out Postdoctoral Research work in Arizona State University, Arizona (USA). Dr. Ranga Rao has been working as Associate Professor and Senior Scientist in Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation Science, Technology and Research University (Deemed to be University), India. He has 18 years of research experience. Previously Dr. Rang Rao worked as Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Visiting Assistant Dr. Ranga Rao published more than 50 papers in peer reviewed international and national journals, edited several books and has presented over 60 conferences/symposia/seminar in international conferences. and Global Biomass Production. He was selected for Junior Scientist of the Year Award (2015) by National Environmental Science Academy, New Delhi, India; honored TWAS-Young Affiliate (2014) by Regional Office of East South-East Asia and the Pacific Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China; received Young Scientist Award (2014) at the World Food Congress by International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Canada; Carl Storm International Diversity Fellowship Award (2010) by Gordon Research Conferences, USA. He is an associate fellow of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences (2019) Government of Andhra Pradesh, India and also fellow of the Society of Applied Biotechnology (2013), India. He has received research grants and travel grant fellowship as both international and national awards, under Young Scientist schemes. He is also serving as editorial board member and reviewer for reputed international and national journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health