Geothermal Energy Engineering

Geothermal Energy Engineering: Technology Transfer with the Oil and Gas Industry focuses on geothermal energy technology, engineering, field, and operational topics as seen from an oil and gas industry perspective. To accelerate development of an important source of clean energy during the energy transition, proven oil and gas technologies can pivot towards geothermal energy production, for both power generation and direct heat applications. The book's chapters are written by world-renowned subject matter experts who address practical applications optimized in the oil and gas industry that can be adapted to accelerate geothermal energy production.

The book progresses from an introduction to geothermal energy, covers types of geothermal and hybrid systems, addresses geothermal subsurface characterization, exploration, drilling, completion and production, facilities and project management, and includes analysis of technical and economic aspects of geothermal systems, gaps and future opportunities.”

Geothermal Energy Engineering
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1 Overview of geothermal systems
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction to geothermal energy
2 Types of geothermal systems for power production
3 Geothermal heating and cooling systems
4 Development history of geothermal systems
5 Opportunities and challenges of geothermal energy
6 Future prospects
References
Chapter 2 Resource assessment and management for different geothermal systems (hydrothermal, enhanced geothermal, and advanced geothermal systems)
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Energy demand and the environment
1.2 An introduction to geothermal
2 Geology
2.1 Sedimentary geothermal resource
2.2 Igneous and metamorphic geothermal resource
2.3 Hot dry rock (HDR) as a geothermal resource
2.4 Super-hot rock geothermal resources
3 Geothermal resource classification
4 Geothermal resource exploration and assessment
4.1 Remote sensing
4.2 Geological surveys and interpretation
4.3 Gravity surveys
4.4 Magnetic surveys
4.5 Surface electrical/resistivity surveys
4.6 Electromagnetic (EM) surveys
4.7 Magneto-telluric (MT) surveys
4.8 Seismic surveys
4.9 Drilling of slim hole wells to validate the local geothermal gradient
4.10 Drill cuttings and core analysis
4.11 Geochemical analysis
4.12 Borehole geophysics and well logging
4.13 The benefits of integrated, multidisciplinary subsurface analysis
5 A comparison of different geothermal systems
5.1 Hydrothermal system
5.2 Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)
5.3 Closed-loop geothermal systems (CLGS)
6 Geothermal feasibility evaluation
6.1 Resource assessment
6.2 Exploration drilling
6.3 Well testing
6.4 Power plant technology, design, and engineering
6.5 Economic analysis and financial modeling
6.6 Risk analysis
6.7 Environmental and social/socioeconomic impact assessments
7 Geothermal resource management
7.1 Hydrothermal system
7.2 Enhanced gothermal systems (EGS)
7.3 Closed-loop geothermal systems (CLGS)
8 Analogies between oil and gas and geothermal resources
8.1 Exploration techniques
8.2 Well testing
8.3 Reservoir characterization, static, and dynamic modeling
8.4 Resource estimation
8.5 Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
8.6 Drilling challenges
8.7 Operational risk management
8.8 Infrastructure planning
8.9 Automation and optimization
9 Summary and outlook
Social impact assessment
Reference
Chapter 3 Geothermal well drilling: The drilling rig
Abstract
Keywords
1 Overview of drilling costs
2 The drilling rig
2.1 From conventional drilling rigs to urban geothermal applications
3 ITAG Rig 40
4 Drilltec rig VDD370
5 Herrenknecht Vertical Terra Invader 350 (TI-350) rig
6 Bauer TBA 440 M2
7 Huisman LOC 400
8 Precision Drilling Super Triple 1200 (ST 1200)
9 NOV Rapid Rig
10 Essential criteria for an urban drilling rig
References
Chapter 4 Geothermal well construction and completion: Overview of casing materials, sizes, depth, and solutions
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 State of the art
2.1 Well type and (open hole length vs total vertical depth)
2.2 Geothermal well type and its temperature range
2.3 Well type and (surface diameter vs bottom hole diameter)
2.4 Well type and total vertical length of casing
2.5 Geothermal well type and total vertical depth
2.6 Well type and liner outer diameter
2.7 Well type and liner material
2.8 Well type and flow rates
2.9 Well type and (surface casing/production casing/anchor casing/intermediate casing material)
2.10 Unconventional materials used for geothermal well construction
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Well integrity and future construction of geothermal wells
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Well construction
3 Well integrity
4 Well cement
5 Well tubulars (oil country tubular goods, OCTG)
6 Casing failure due to collapse
7 Casing failure due to compression
8 Casing failure due to degradation
9 Casing failure due to fatigue
10 Risk assessmenet through feature, event, and process
References
Chapter 6 High-temperature geothermal well cementing
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Chemical design
3 Cement system chemistry—High temperatures
3.1 Portland cement systems
3.2 CASH cement systems
3.3 CAC systems
3.4 CAP cement systems
4 Cement system chemistry—Corrosive fluids
4.1 Portland cement systems
4.2 CAP cement systems
5 Cement system chemistry—Chemical resistance testing
5.1 Laboratory evaluation of chemical attack
5.2 Field observations
5.3 Conclusion
6 Cement system chemistry—Mitigating loss circulation
6.1 Water extended systems
6.2 Foamed systems
6.3 Lightweight particles
7 Cement system chemistry—Slurry properties control
7.1 Density control
7.2 Rheological properties
7.3 Slurry stability
7.4 Thickening time
8 Cement hydraulics—Slurry placement
8.1 Failure mechanisms
8.2 Forward circulation placement
8.3 Inner string or stab-in placement
8.4 Reverse circulation placement
8.5 Pipe rotation/reciprocation
8.6 Stage cementing with differential valve
8.7 Liner cementing
8.8 Technical hurdles related to geothermal cementing
8.9 Primary cementing best practices
8.10 Conclusions
9 Cement integrity—Experimental understanding
9.1 First experiments
9.2 Cement fatigue
9.3 Thermal cycling
9.4 Conclusions
10 Cement integrity—Thermo-mechanical properties
11 Cement integrity—Designing cement sheath
11.1 Cement mechanical integrity
11.2 Cement initial state of stress
11.3 Cement poro-mechanical behavior
11.4 Cement hydraulic integrity
11.5 Requirements for geothermal wells
12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Geothermal production, injection, and storage engineering
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 System classification
1.2 Typical system performance range
2 Open-loop borehole systems: Engineering and completion aspects
2.1 Well productivity and injectivity
2.2 Well design
2.3 Flow assurance and long-term sustainability issues
3 Closed-loop borehole systems: Engineering and completion aspects
4 Case studies
4.1 Open-loop
4.2 Closed-loop
5 Integration of geothermal systems with district thermal energy networks
5.1 Impact of centralizing thermal energy supply units and sources
5.2 Geothermal vs alternative supply options
5.3 Types of thermal energy Networks
6 Conclusions and future outlook
References
Chapter 8 Stimulation in enhanced geothermal systems
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Water-based hydraulic fracturing fluids
2.1 Hydraulic stimulation fluids
2.2 Chemical stimulation fluids
2.3 Thermal stimulation fluids
3 Waterless hydraulic fracturing fluids
3.1 Waterless fracturing fluids: N2/CO2
3.2 CO2 foam and CO2 responsive fluid fracturing
3.3 Explosive and propellant fracturing
3.4 Electrical shock: Electro-hydraulic fracturing for EGS
4 Proppants in geothermal
4.1 Background of high-temperature proppant and EGS
4.2 Problem statement: Addressing challenges in EGS
4.3 Safety considerations and standards of EGS development
4.4 Investigation methods in high-temperature proppant and EGS
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Production and operation of geothermal systems
Abstract
Keywords
Key terms and definitions
1 Introduction
2 Scaling
2.1 Type of scaling in geothermal sites
2.2 Monitoring
2.3 Mitigation measures
3 Corrosion
3.1 Corrosion in geothermal sites
3.2 Monitoring
3.3 Mitigation measures
4 Naturally occurring radioactive materials
4.1 NOR in the geothermal installation
4.2 Risk and exposure
4.3 Regulation and compliance
4.4 Measurement of NORM
5 Challenges of artificial lift systems
5.1 Introduction to artificial lift systems
5.2 Different types of ALS
5.3 Comparison of ALS in geothermal systems
6 Other production challenges
6.1 Sand production
6.2 Noncondensable gases
Supplementary online elements
Multimedia
Reference data
References
Chapter 10 Simulation of geothermal resources management
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Types of geothermal systems
1.2 Modeling of geothermal systems
2 Governing relationships for geothermal modeling
2.1 Conservation of mass and energy
2.2 Momentum conservation for geomechanics
2.3 Momentum conservation for well
2.4 Constitutive relationships and properties
3 Discretization of mass and heat conservation equations
3.1 Discretization of mass and energy conservation
3.2 Discretization of geomechanics
3.3 Discretization of well momentum equation
4 Numerical approaches for modeling of geothermal applications
4.1 Types of nonlinear formulations
4.2 Linearization techniques
4.3 Linear solution
5 Typical challenges in geothermal simulation
5.1 Single-phase geothermal flow
5.2 Influence of nonreservoir lithology
5.3 Two-phase geothermal flow
5.4 Geomechanics in geothermal reservoirs
6 Modeling of different geothermal resources
6.1 Fluvial sediments
6.2 Fractured media
References
Chapter 11 Artificial intelligence in the geothermal energy systems
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Introduction to artificial intelligence, data analytics, and machine learning
2.1 Definitions
3 Different types of machine learning techniques
3.1 Supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and active learning
3.2 Reinforcement learning
3.3 Transfer learning
4 Examples of machine learning algorithms
4.1 K-means
4.2 K-nearest neighbors
4.3 Random forest
4.4 Artificial neural networks
4.5 Examples from other sectors
5 Machine learning in geothermal production systems
5.1 Resource exploration and characterization
5.2 Drilling
5.3 Production optimization and reservoir management
5.4 Equipment and facilities maintenance
6 Large language models in geothermal systems
6.1 The evolution toward the transformers revolution
6.2 Application of LLMs in geothermal systems
6.3 Recommendations
7 Concluding remark
References
Key terms and definitions
Chapter 12 Global screening for superhot rock geothermal energy: Geodynamic settings, prospective heat endowment and extraction techniques
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Differentiating geothermal, petrothermal, and hydrothermal types of geological system
3 The superhot rock type of play
4 Global screening of SHR geothermal energy and the exploration triangle
5 Superhot rock mapping
5.1 The steady-state 450°C isotherm
5.2 Nonsteady state domains
6 Prospective heat and power endowment methodology
7 Energy extraction and production techniques and technologies
7.1 Deep drilling capability and historic success
7.2 Superhot drilling penetrations (>350°C)
7.3 Conventional geothermal systems (hydrothermal)
7.4 Engineered geothermal systems (EGS)
7.5 Closed-loop geothermal systems
7.6 Hybrid geothermal systems
8 Results: Superhot rock geothermal resources and the influence of geodynamic setting
8.1 Superhot geothermal drilling and geodynamic setting
8.2 Conventional (hydrothermal) geothermal projects and geodynamic setting
8.3 Engineered geothermal systems and geodynamic setting
8.4 Closed-loop geothermal systems (CGS) and geodynamic setting
8.5 LithoREF18: Superhot rock and geodynamic settings
9 Discussion
9.1 Existing geothermal projects and geodynamic settings
9.2 Superhot geothermal and geodynamic setting
9.3 Order-of-magnitude prospective heat endowments for superhot rock geodynamic and tectonic/physiographic provinces
9.4 Chance of success EGS for projects
9.5 Technological next steps and future work
10 Conclusions
References
Key terms and definitions
Chapter 13 Geothermal energy and fluid properties with a special focus on geothermal noncondensable gases
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Use of salts and minerals as geothermometer
2 NCG's contribution to production
3 The problems created by the NCGs
4 NCG injection
5 Summary
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Geothermal Energy Engineering

Technology Transfer with the Oil and Gas Industry

Purchase options

World Book Day Celebration!

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Silviu Livescu

Birol Dindoruk

Related books