Gas Solubilities

1. What is Henry's Law


1.1. The Conventional Concept


1.2. Bunsen1s Heidelberg Group of 1855


1.3. Ostwald's Absorption Coefficient


1.4. Horiuti's Statements on the Ostwald Coefficient9


1.5. The Effect of the Vapor of Liquid S, the "Solvent"


1.6. Other Examples of Confusion


2. Effect of Temperature on Gas Solubility


2.1. The Concept of "Ideal Solubility"


2.2. Deviations from "Ideal Solubility"


2.3. The Reference Line (R-line) Procedure


2.4. n-Butane


2.5. Propane


2.6. Ethane


2.7. Methane


2.8. Data on Hydrogen, Ethane, Ethene, and Propane, Reported by Waters, Mortimer, and Clements (1970)


2.9· Data on Hydrogen and Deuterium, by Cook, Hansen, and Alder (1957)


2.10. Solubility of Hydrogen in Organic Liquids - Data by Maxted and Moon (1936)


2.11. Lannung's Data on Helium, Neon, and Argon (1930)


2.12. The Work of Siddkind and Kasarnowsky on the Solubility of Argon (1931,1933)


2.13. The Concept of Gas Solubility According to Phillips and Williams (1965)


2.14. The Solubility of Krypton - The Work of Korosy (1937), and van Liempt and van Wijk (1937)


2.15. Further Comments on the Making and Filling of Holes


2.16. R-line and "Ideal" Solubilities at 1 Atm and Different Temperatures


2.17. Data on the Noble Gases (He to Xe) by Clever, Battino, Saylor, and Gross


2.18. Solubility of Argon in Alcohols, Carbon Disulphide, and Perfluoroheptane: Lata by Gjaldbaek and Niemann (1958)


2.19. Hildebrand and Colleagues on Solubility and Entropy of Solution


2.20. The Theoretical Approach Based on Statistical Mechanics


2.21. Solubility of Helium, Neon, Hydrogen, and Deuterium in Liquid Argon


3. The Gases Used by Horiuti


3.1. Two Aspects: Solubility and Dilation


3.2. Solubility Data: Gases of "Great Solubility"


3.3. Solubility of Gases at "Medium Solubility"


3.4. Gases of "Small Solubility"


3.5. Data for N2O by Kunerth


3.6. Data on N2O by Yen and McKetta


3.7. Data by G. Jaldbaek for CO in Alcohols


4. Evaluation of Data on Sulfur Dioxide


4.1. The Two Dominating Conventional Concepts


4.2. The Muddle Over Henry's Law


4.3. The Solubility of Sulfur Dioxide in Diethylaniline


4.4. Solubility of SO2 in Benzene


4.5. Data by Albright, Shannon, Yu, and Chueh (1963)


4.6. Data by Pfeifer (1963)


4.7. Solubility in Di-n-butyl Ether


4.8. Solubility in Ethylene Glycol at 0°C


4.9. Solubility in Water


5. Evaluation of Chlorine Data


5.1. Principles and Methods of Measurements


5.2. The Technique of Taylor and Hildebrand (1923)


5.3. Solubility in Hydrocarbons


5.4. Solubility in Halogenated Hydrocarbons


5.5. Solubility in Carbon Disulfide and its Chlorination Products


5.6. Solubility in Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen


5.7. Solubility in Inorganic Chlorides


5.8. Solubility in Water


6. Evaluation of Solubility Data for Hydrogen Sulfide


6.1. Rejection of Henry's Law


6.2. Solubility in Nonaqueous Liquids


6.3. Solubility in n-Decane


6.4. Data by Gerrard


6.5. Solubility in Water


7. The Solubility of Radon 226/86Rn, Thoron 220/86Rn, and Actinon 219/86Rn in Liquids


7.1. The Measurement of Solubility by Radioactivity


7.2. Expression of Solubility of Radon as the Ostwald Coefficient


7.3. The Work of Eva Ramstedt


7.4. The Work of Kofier


7.5. The Work of Nussbaum and Hursh


7.6. Solubility Data for Radon


7.7. Confusion in the Data Books


7.8. Rational Evaluation of Data for Radon


7.9. The Effect of Temperature and Pressure


7.10. Solubility in Biological Fluids


7.11. Solubility in Aqueous Solutions of Salts and Organic Compounds


7.12. Recent Contributions


7.13. The Solubility of Thoron and Actinon


8. Solubilities of Diborane, and the Gaseous Hydrides of Groups IV, V, And VI of the Periodic Table


8.1. The Purpose of this Analysis


8.2. The Chromatographic Procedure Followed


8.3. Significance of the Distribution Coefficient, K


8.4. Group VI Systems: H2S, H2Se, H2Se, H2Te


8.5. Hydrides of Group V: PH3, AsH3, SbH3


8.6. Hydrides of Group IV: CH4, SiH4, GeH4, SnH4


8.7. Diborane


8.8. Solubility Spectrum 199


8.9. Lack of Numerical Correlation between Ê and N^ Values 199


8.10. Heats of Solution 199


8.11. Influence of Carrier Gas


8.12. Conclusion


8.13. Data for Arsine by Corriez and Berton


9. Solubility of Gases Containing Fluorine


9.1. SF6, CF4, NF3


9.2. Solubility of Octafluoropropane, C3F8, Octafluorocyclobutane, Cyclo C4F8, Chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3; and for Contrast, Propane and Cyclopropane


9.3 Data for Hexafluoroethane Compared with those for Ethane


9.4. Solubility of Gaseous Chlorofluorohydrocarbons Containing Hydrogen


9.5. Solubility of Freons in Lubricating Oils of Refrigeration Units


9.6. Solubility of CClF3 and CCl2 and CCl2 in Four Liquid Hydrocarbons, and in Tetrachloromethane


9.7. Solubility of Gases in Hexafluorobenzene and in Benzene


9.8. Solubility of Boron Trifluoroacetonitrile, CF3CN


9.9. Solubility of Boron Trifluoride


9.10. Solubility of "Inert Gases" in Human Lung Tissue


9.11. Reference Diagrams for Other Gases Containing Fluorine


10. Hildebrand's Theory in the Light of all Gas Solubility Data


10.1. The Significance of Heat of Vaporization and Boiling Point/1 Atm


10.2. Hildebrand1s Regular Solutions


10.3. Hildebrand's Solubility Parameter


10.4. Examples of Invalid Classifications and Terminology


10.5. Extrapolations of the Mole Fraction, NA, vs Temperature Plots to the Critical Temperature, TC, of the Liquid, S


10.6. Solubility of Vinyl Chloride


10.7. Environmental Significance of the Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water and Aqueous Solutions of Salts


10.8. Significance of the Solubility of Mercury in Water


10.9. Solubility of Tetraethyllead in Water


10.10. Ideality vs Reality


11. The Hydrogen Halide System


11.1. Previous Analysis by Gerrard


11.2. Vapor Pressure Measurements


11.3. Hydrogen Chloride as a Strong Electrolyte


11.4. Textbook Statements About the Solubility of Hydrogen Halides


11.5. Significance of the Reported Change in Electric Dipole Moment,UHX (Debye throughout) on Dissolution in Liquids


11.6. Hydrogen Fluoride as a "Solvent"


11.7. The Unnecessary Invocation of Fugacity


11.8. Graphical Illustration of the Effect of a Change in Temperature on the Mole Fraction Solubility of the Hydrogen Halides (HCl, HBr, HI)


12. Solubility of Gases in Water and Aqueous Solutions of Salts, Inorganic Acids and Bases, and Organic Compounds


12.1. Solubility in Water


12.2. Himmelblau's Review


12.3. Review by Wilhelm, Battino, and Wilcock


12.4. The Two Papers by Antropoff


12.5. Comparison of the Solubilities of the Noble Gases in Water and in Olive Oil


12.6. Thermodynamical Aspects


12.7. Solubility of Gases in Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts


12.8. Solubility of Gases in Aqueous Solutions of Other Compounds


12.9. The Work of Sada and Colleagues


13. Gases in Sea Water


13.1. Resources of the Sea


13.2. The Oceans; their Physical Chemistry and General Biology


13.3. Marine Chemistry


13.4. Dissolved Gases other than CO2


13.5. Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Pure Water, Synthetic Sea Water and Synthetic Sea Water Concentrates at 10 to45 atm and at - 5° to 25°C


13.6. SO2 in Sea Water


13.7. Recent Discussions on the Chemistry of Sea Water


14. Aerosol Propellants


14.1. The Aerosol Handbook


14.2. The Fluorocarbon Propellants


14.3. The Chlorocarbon Propellants


14.4. Hydrocarbon Propellants


14.5. The Compressed Gas Propellants


14.6. The Ether Propellants


14.7. Hsu and Campbell's Work on the Solubility of N2O and CO2


14.8. Carbon Dioxide as an Aerosol Propellant


15. The Solubility op Nitric Oxide


15.1 Initial Approach


15.2. Registration of the Mole Fraction Solubilities of Nitric Oxide on the Reference Line Diagram for Krypton


15.3. Comments on the Individual Papers


15.4. Solubility in Water


15.5. Solubility in Solutions of Metallic Salts


15.6. Solubility of Nitric Oxide in Aqueous Solutions of Sulphuric Acid


15.7. Solubility of Nitric Oxide in Nitrosyl Chloride


15.8. Solubility of Nitric Oxide in Nitrose


15.9. Further Comment on the Work of Manchot


16. Biotechnological Aspects


16.1. Scope of Interest


16.2. Data by Meyer and Gottlieb-Billroth


16.3. Data on CO2 by Van Slyke and Colleagues


16.4. Data by Vibrans


16.5. Data by Schaffer and Haller


16.6. Data by Cull en and Gross


16.7. The Paper of Davidson, Eggleston, and Foggie


16.8. The Solubility of C02 in Body Fat 370


16.9. Connection of the Solubilities of Gases in Olive Oil and the Theories of Transport through Cell Membranes


16.10. Cyclopropane as an Anesthetic Gas


16.11. Halothane, CF3CHClBr, as an Anesthetic Gas


16.12. Solubility of "Inert" Gases in Human Lung Tissue


16.13. The Work of Yeh and Peterson


16.14. Pauling's Molecular Theory of General Anesthesia


16.15. The Diffusion of Gases in Protein Solutions


17. More on Making Holes


17.1. "Nonpolar" Gases in Water


17.2. A Test of Pierotti's Theory


17.3. Other Data by De Ligny and Colleagues


17.4. Solubility of Gases in Polyethylene


17.5. Solubility of Nitric Oxide and "Henry's Law Constants"


17.6. The Solubility of Mercury in Liquids


17.7. Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbons


17.8. Solubility of Gases in Water Containing Colloids


17.9· Lewis and Randall's Calculation of Activity


17.10. The Aspects of Surface Tension and Viscosity


17.11. Comments on Certain Measurements of the Solubility of Hydrocarbon Gases, Including Acetylene (Ethyne)


17.12. Determination of Gas Solubilities by Gas-Liquid Chromatography


17.13. Predictions of Gas Solubilities


18. Evaluation of Data on Phosphine


18.1. Solubility of Phosphine in Organic Liquids


18.2. Significance of Acid-Base Function


18.3. Thermodynamic Data


18.4. Comparison with Arsine and Stibine


18.5. Acknowledgment

References

Index