Fundamentals of Periodontology and Oral Implantology

3rd Edition - September 4, 2021
Editors: Dilip Gopinath Nayak, Ashita Uppoor, Kolte Abhay
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 1 8 5 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 1 8 6 - 6

Fundamentals of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, 3e written by leading authorities in the subject of Periodontology in the country, will cater to the needs of the 4th year u… Read more

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Fundamentals of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, 3e written by leading authorities in the subject of Periodontology in the country, will cater to the needs of the 4th year undergraduate students. It would also be useful for postgraduate dental students, dental hygienists and private practitioners. This comprehensive text guides all the essentials in the field of periodontology including aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases at all stages of severity and in combination with other phases of dental care.

Cover image
Title page
Disclaimer
Table of Contents
Copyright
Foreword
Contributors
Preface
Acknowedgments
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Section I: Tissues of the periodontium
1. Gingiva
Chapter overview
Gingiva
Gingival connective tissue
Connective tissue–epithelial interactions
Questions
Suggested readings
2. Periodontal ligament
Chapter overview
Origin and development of periodontal ligament
Features of periodontal ligament
Cells of periodontal ligament
Functions of periodontal ligament
Clinical consideration
Questions
Suggested readings
3. Cementum
Chapter overview
Physical characteristics
Composition
Functions of cementum
Classification
Incremental lines of cementum
Cementoenamel junction
Cementodentinal junction
Developmental and acquired anomalies of cementum
Cementum resorption and repair
Cemental tears
Ankylosis
Questions
Suggested readings
4. Alveolar bone
Chapter overview
Composition of alveolar bone
Interdental septum
Bone marrow
Histology of alveolar bone
Osseous topography
Fenestration and dehiscence
Remodelling of alveolar bone
Vascular supply
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
5. Age-related changes in the periodontium
Chapter overview
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
Section II: Classification and epidemiology of periodontal diseases
6. Classification of periodontal diseases
Chapter overview
Definition
Requirements
Need for classification
Uses of classification
Historical development of the classification system
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
7. Epidemiology of periodontal diseases
Chapter overview
Public health significance of periodontal diseases
Definitions
Classification of indices (Fig. 7.2)
Indices used in periodontology
Questions
Suggested readings
Section III: Aetiology of periodontal diseases
8. Dental plaque and microorganisms associated with periodontal health and disease
Chapter overview
Oral flora
Dental plaque
Biofilm
Specific plaque hypothesis
Ecologic plaque hypothesis
Keystone pathogen hypothesis
Virulence mechanisms of periodontal pathogens
Microorganisms associated with periodontal health and disease
Description of important periodontal pathogens
Questions
Suggested readings
9. Host response: Basic concepts
Chapter overview
Innate/natural immunity
Acquired/specific immunity
Immunological reactions to antigen
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
10. Host–microbe interaction in periodontal disease
Chapter overview
Microbial aspects of pathogenesis
Immunological aspects of pathogenesis
Concept of pathogenesis
Immune response and function (Fig. 10.2)
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
11. Dental calculus
Chapter overview
Definition
Classification
Composition
Structure of dental calculus
Attachment of calculus on tooth surface
Rate of calculus formation
Detection of calculus
Formation of calculus
Theories regarding mineralization of calculus
Role of microorganisms in calculus mineralization
Role of calculus in periodontal disease (clinical implications)
Questions
Suggested readings
12. Smoking and the periodontium
Chapter overview
Effect of smoking and severity of periodontal disease
Clinical features of oral tissues associated with smoking
Pathogenesis of periodontal disease in smokers
Response to periodontal therapy in smokers
Tobacco use cessation
Questions
Suggested readings
13. Trauma from occlusion and its therapy
Chapter overview
History
Case definitions and terminology
Physiologic adaptive capacity of periodontium to occlusal forces
Types of occlusal forces
Classification of trauma from occlusion
Tissue response to increased occlusal forces
Trauma from occlusion and plaque-associated periodontal disease
Diagnostic considerations
Signs of trauma from occlusion
Symptoms of trauma from occlusion
Reversibility of traumatic lesion
Trauma from occlusion and implants
Recent advances in evaluation of occlusal stresses in the periodontal tissues
Therapy for occlusal trauma
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
14. Role of iatrogenic and other local factors in periodontal disease
Chapter overview
Iatrogenic factors
Periodontal considerations in prosthetic and restorative dentistry
Orthodontic therapy and periodontal health
Periodontal procedures
Exodontic procedures
Periodontal considerations in implant dentistry
Local contributing factors
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested reading
15. Systemic diseases and periodontium
Chapter overview
Endocrine disorders
Hormonal considerations
Haematological conditions
Syndromes associated with periodontitis
Nutritional influences
Stress
Medications
Other conditions affecting the periodontium
Questions
Suggested readings
16. Periodontal medicine
Chapter overview
Periodontal medicine
Pathobiology of periodontitis
Subgingival environment as a persistent bacterial challenge
Focal infection theory
Periodontitis and coronary heart disease/atherosclerosis
Periodontitis and stroke
Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus
Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Periodontitis and respiratory diseases
Periodontitis and renal diseases
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
17. Role of genetics in periodontal disease
An introduction to genetics
The genetic susceptibility to periodontitis: A brief historical perspective and study designs
Genetic basis of periodontal disease
Recent advances
Future directions: Infectogenomics and susceptibility profiling
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
Section IV: Periodontal pathology
18. Defence mechanisms of the gingiva
Chapter overview
Oral mechanical barrier
Gingival crevicular fluid
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the dentogingival zone
Saliva: Role of dynamic fluid in defence
Questions
Suggested readings
19. Gingival inflammation
Chapter overview
Definition
Stages in the pathogenesis of gingivitis
Questions
Suggested readings
20. Clinical features of gingivitis
Chapter overview
Types of gingivitis
Clinical findings in health and disease
Questions
Suggested readings
21. Gingival enlargement
Chapter overview
Inflammatory enlargement
Fibrotic enlargements
Enlargements associated with systemic diseases or conditions
Systemic disease causing gingival enlargement
Granulomatous diseases
Neoplastic
False enlargements
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
22. Acute gingival infections
Chapter overview
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
Pericoronitis
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
23. Desquamative gingivitis
Chapter overview
Classification of diseases that clinically present as desquamative gingivitis
Dermatologic lesions
Allergic reactions
Miscellaneous conditions: Mimicking desquamative gingivitis
Questions
Suggested readings
24. Periodontal diseases in childhood and adolescents
Chapter overview
Periodontium of deciduous dentition (Fig. 24.1)
Physiologic gingival changes associated with tooth eruption
Gingivitis
Gingival diseases in childhood
Types of periodontal diseases
Questions
Suggested readings
25. Periodontal pocket
Chapter overview
Classification
Clinical features
Pathogenesis (Fig. 25.5A–F)
Pocket contents
Morphology of the tooth wall
Relation of loss of attachment and bone loss to pocket depth
Concept of site specificity
Effects of periodontal pocket on the dental pulp
Questions
Suggested readings
26. Bone loss in periodontal disease
Chapter overview
Extension of gingival inflammation
Factors affecting progression to periodontitis
Pathways of inflammation
Concept of radius of action
Rate of bone loss
Factors affecting bone resorption
Bone formation in periodontal disease
Trauma from occlusion and bone loss
Systemic influence on alveolar bone
Bone morphology in periodontal disease
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
27. Periodontitis: Chronic, refractory, and necrotizing ulcerative
Chapter overview
Chronic periodontitis
Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis in HIV/AIDS patients
Refractory periodontitis
Questions
Suggested readings
28. Aggressive periodontitis
Chapter overview
Historical background (Fig. 28.1)
Classification and characteristic features (Tables 28.1 and 28.2)
Aetiologic/risk factors associated with aggressive periodontitis
Treatment modalities for aggressive periodontitis patients
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
29. Periodontal abscess
Chapter overview
Classification
Aetiology
Pathogenesis and histopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Periodontal cyst
Questions
Suggested readings
30. AIDS and periodontium
Introduction
Definition of AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus
Stages of HIV infection
Human cells/cell lines and tissues susceptible to HIV
Modes of transmission of HIV
Signs and symptoms
Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV infection
Oral and periodontal manifestations of AIDS
Investigations
Management of HIV/AIDS: Antiretroviral treatment
Periodontal treatment considerations
Infection control measures with a focus on the dental setting
Precautions for dentists
Sterilization and disinfection
Questions
Suggested readings
31. Halitosis
Chapter overview
Incidence
Aetiology
Intraoral causes
Extraoral causes
Diagnosis
Treatment aspects of oral malodour
Questions
Suggested readings
Section V: Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning
32. Clinical diagnosis
Chapter overview
Importance of diagnosing the periodontal condition
Components of periodontal examination
Mucogingival problems or problems related to plastic periodontal surgery
Teeth in occlusion
Questions
Suggested readings
33. Role of radiology in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases
Chapter overview
Radiographic application in the diagnosis and treatment planning of periodontal disease
Limitations of conventional radiographs
Radiographs useful for diagnosing periodontal disease
Imaging considerations for periodontal disease
Cone-beam computed tomography in detection of periodontal disease
Normal periodontal radiographic anatomy
Characteristic radiographic features of periodontal diseases
Systemic conditions influencing periodontitis
Systemic conditions mimicking periodontitis radiographically
Questions
Suggested readings
34. Advanced diagnostic methods
Chapter overview
Clinical uses
Research uses
Administrative uses
Diagnostic sequence
Advanced diagnostic AIDS in clinical diagnosis
Advanced diagnostic aids in radiographic diagnosis
Aids in microbiological diagnosis
Advanced diagnostic aids in immunological and biochemical diagnosis
Diagnostic methods based on molecular biology
Advances in characterizing the host response
Other diagnostic aids
Strategies for diagnostic testing
Questions
Suggested readings
35. Determination of prognosis
Chapter overview
Overall versus individual prognosis
Determination of a prognosis
Re-evaluation of prognosis after phase 1 therapy
Questions
Suggested readings
36. Periodontal treatment plan
Chapter overview
Rationale for treatment plan
Questions
Suggested readings
37. Treatment of periodontal diseases in medically compromised patients
Chapter overview
Cardiovascular diseases
Classification
Endocrine disorders
Haemorrhagic disorders
Coagulation disorders
Medications and cancer therapies
Prosthetic joint replacement
Renal diseases
Liver diseases
Pulmonary diseases
Immunosuppression and chemotherapy
Pregnancy
Leukaemia
Infectious diseases
Questions
Suggested readings
38. Risk assessment
Chapter overview
What is risk?
Risk elements
Clinical risk assessment in periodontal disease
Questions
Suggested readings
Section VI: Periodontal therapy
39. Periodontal instrumentation
Chapter overview
Basic design characteristics of periodontal instrument
Classification of periodontal instruments
Sharpening of periodontal instrument
Conclusion
Suggested readings
40. Sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation
Chapter overview
Power-driven instruments
Technique and fundamentals of instrumentation
Clinical comparison of the hand and ultrasonic instruments
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
41. Plaque control
Chapter overview
Rationale for plaque control
Mechanical plaque control AIDS (Fig. 41.1)
Chemical plaque control
Plaque control around implants
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
42. Scaling and root planing
Chapter overview
Definition
Rationale for scaling and root planing
General principles of scaling and root planing
Scaling and root planing technique
Instrumentation of different areas of the mouth
Evaluation of scaling and root planing
Conclusion
Suggested readings
43. Chemotherapeutic agents
Chapter overview
Systemic antibiotics
Decision-making for the use of chemotherapeutic agents
Analgesics in periodontal therapy
Questions
Suggested readings
44. Host-modulation therapy
Chapter overview
Host modulation
Perioceutics
Host modulation with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Host modulation with tetracyclines and their chemically modified analogues
Bone-sparing agents
Host modulation with growth factors
Bone morphogenetic proteins
Newer host-modulation therapies
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
45. Periodontal splints
Chapter overview
Definition
Rationale of splinting
Characteristics of an ideal splint
Indications
Contraindications
Basic principles of splinting
Disadvantages of splinting
Classification
Questions
Suggested readings
46. General principles of periodontal surgery
Chapter overview
Objectives of surgical therapy
Indications for periodontal surgical treatment
Contraindications for periodontal surgical treatment
Patient preparation
Intraoperative considerations
Periodontal dressing
Postoperative complications
Hospital-based periodontal surgery
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
47. Gingival surgical procedures
Chapter overview
Gingival curettage
Surgical gingivectomy
Gingivoplasty
Gingivectomy by electrosurgery
Laser gingivectomy
Chemical gingivectomy
Questions
48. Periodontal flap surgery
Rationale for periodontal access surgery
Definition
Classification
Incisions in periodontal flaps
Papilla management
Flap elevation
Flap techniques for treatment of periodontal pockets
Contributions of different authors for periodontal access therapy
Flaps for reconstructive surgery
Flap closure
Healing after flap surgery
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
49. Resective osseous surgery
Chapter overview
History
Bone destruction patterns in periodontal disease
Terminologies according to the glossary of periodontal terms
Rationale
Indications of resective osseous surgery
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Presurgical examination
Instruments used in resective osseous surgery
Steps in osseous surgery
Healing and maturation
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
50. Regenerative osseous surgery
Chapter overview
Principles of osseous regeneration
Alveolar bone defects in periodontal disease
Periodontal regeneration
Graft materials for regeneration
Regenerative surgical procedures
Root surface biomodification
Barrier materials in regeneration
Tissue engineering in regeneration
Evaluation of regeneration
Future bone regeneration approaches
Questions
Suggested readings
51. Furcation involvement and its management
Chapter overview
Furcation involvement
Aetiology
Classification systems
Objectives of furcation therapy
Treatment modalities in furcation involvement
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
52. Endodontic-periodontal lesions and their management
Chapter overview
Definition
Biologic effects of periodontal infection on dental pulp
Biologic effects of pulpal disease on periodontal tissue
Pathways of communication between pulp and periodontium
Classification of endodontic-periodontal lesions
Diagnosis of endodontic-periodontal lesions (Tables 52.1 and 52.2)
Tests
Differential diagnosis
Management of endo-perio lesions
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
53. Periodontal plastic and aesthetic surgery
Chapter overview
Common mucogingival and aesthetic problems
Significance of attached gingiva, periodontal biotype, vestibular depth, and frenum
General factors affecting the outcome of PPS procedures
Augmentation of attached gingiva
Root coverage
Techniques for root coverage
Management of aberrant frenum
Vestibular deepening
Gingival depigmentation
Crown lengthening
Reconstruction of interdental papilla
Correction of gingival asymmetry, incomplete passive eruption, and excessive gingival display
Ten commandments of PPS
Questions
Suggested readings
54. Recent advances in periodontal surgical techniques
Chapter overview
Laser in periodontics
Optical principles and components of a surgical microscope
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
55. Periodontal considerations in restorative dentistry
Chapter overview
Restoration margins
Restoration contours
Occlusal considerations
Restorative materials
Provisional restorations
Pontic design
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
56. Ortho-perio inter-relationships
Chapter overview
Orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised patients
Adjunctive orthodontics
Questions
Suggested readings
57. Infection control
Chapter overview
Importance of infection control measures in the dental clinic
Exposure prevention strategies
Protective measures
Questions
Suggested readings
58. Supportive periodontal treatment
Chapter overview
Rationale for supportive periodontal treatment
Parts of maintenance phase
Recurrence of periodontal disease
Recall intervals for various classes of recall patients
Referral of patients to the periodontist
Maintenance for implant patients
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
Section VII: Oral implantology
59. Biological aspects of dental implants
Chapter overview
Osseointegration
Bone characteristics
Implant–soft tissue interface
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
60. Diagnosis and treatment planning in implantology
Chapter overview
Indications
Contraindications
Patient evaluation
Clinical examination and evaluation
Surgical aspects of implant placement
Implant surgery
Complications
Postoperative care
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
61. Prosthodontic considerations in implant restorations
Chapter overview
Impression techniques
Abutments in implants
Provisional restorations
Occlusal considerations in implant-supported prosthesis
Cementation of the implant crowns
Types of implant-supported restorations (Table 61.5)
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested reading
62. Advanced surgical procedures for dental implants
Maxillary sinus lift surgery
Osteotome technique
Survival rate of implants in atrophied posterior maxilla
Guided bone regeneration
Inferior alveolar nerve repositioning
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
63. Peri-implantitis
Chapter overview
Definitions
Classification
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment considerations
Questions
Suggested reading
64. Evidence-based periodontics
Chapter overview
Basic concepts
Hierarchy of evidence
Clinical practice and evidence
Steps involved in the evidence-based approach
Conclusion
Questions
Suggested readings
Appendix A: MCQs with answers
Appendix B: Viva voce
Index

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Fundamentals of Periodontology and Oral Implantology

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