Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Modern Introduction
- 3rd Edition - January 1, 1975
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Author: Frank Brescia
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 6 2 0 7 - 4
Fundamentals of Chemistry, Third Edition introduces the reader to the fundamentals of chemistry, including the properties of gases, atomic and molecular weights, and the first and… Read more
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Request a sales quoteFundamentals of Chemistry, Third Edition introduces the reader to the fundamentals of chemistry, including the properties of gases, atomic and molecular weights, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Chemical equations and chemical arithmetic are also discussed, along with the structure of atoms, chemical periodicity, types of chemical bonds, and condensed states of matter. This book is comprised of 26 chapters and begins with a historical overview of chemistry and some terms which are part of the language of chemists. Separation and purification are covered in the first chapter, while the following chapters focus on atomic and molecular weights, stoichiometry, the structure of atoms, and types of chemical bonds. The molecular orbital (MO) theory of bonding, galvanic cells, and chemical thermodynamics are considered next. Separate chapters are devoted to MO theory of covalent and metallic bonding; orbital hybridization; intermolecular forces; acids and bases; ionic equilibrium calculations; and polymers and biochemicals. This monograph is intended for chemistry students.
Preface
To the Student
1 Introduction
1.1 General and Historical Remarks
1.2 Definitions of Some Chemical Teams
1.3 Classification of the States of Matter
1.4 The Purification of Materials
Problems
2 Gases
2.1 The Properties of Gases
2.2 Boyle's Law
2.3 The Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac; Absolute Temperature
2.4 Avogadro's Law
2.5 The Gas Law; The Mole
2.6 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
2.7 Ideal Gases; The Kinetic Molecular Hypothesis
2.8 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds
2.9 Deviations from Ideal Behavior
Problems
Additional Problems
3 Atomic and Molecular Weights
3.1 The Law of Conservation of Matter
3.2 The Law of Definite Proportions
3.3 The Atomic Theory
3.4 The Law of Combining Volumes; The Avogadro Law
3.5 Molecular Weights of Gases
3.6 Atomic Weights; Mass Spectroscopy
3.7 Molecular Formulas
3.8 Empirical Formulas
Problems
Additional Problems
4 Chemical Equations and Chemical Arithmetic
4.1 Formulas and Valence
4.2 Chemical Equations
4.3 Quantitative Information from Chemical Equations
Problems
Additional Problems
5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
5.1 The First Law
5.2 Enthalpy
5.3 Thermochemistry
5.4 Hess' Law
5.5 Bond Energy
5.6 The Interconvertibility of Matter and Energy
Problems
Additional Problems
6 Structure of Atoms
6.1 Quantization of Electricity
6.2 The Positive Ions
6.3 The Rutherford Theory of the Atom
6.4 The Nature of Light
6.5 Matter Waves
6.6 Spectra of Elements
6.7 Quantization of the Energy of an Electron Associated with a Nucleus
6.8 Origin of Spectral Lines
6.9 The Elusive Electron
6.10 Atomic Orbitals
6.11 Distribution of Electrons in Atoms
6.12 Electron Spin; Paramagnetism
Problems
Additional Problems
7 Chemical Periodicity
7.1 Chemical Periodicity before Mendeleev
7.2 Mendeleev; Meyer
7.3 The Periodic Law and Periodic Table; Types of Elements
7.4 The Periodicity of Valence
7.5 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
7.6 Ionization Energy
7.7 Electron Affinity
Problems
Additional Problems
8 Types of Chemical Bonds
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lewis Symbols
8.3 Ionic Bond
8.4 Formation of Ionic Solids
8.5 Covalent Bond; Covalency
8.6 Multiple Bonds
8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
8.8 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
8.9 Polar Covalent Bonds; Electronegativity
8.10 Dipole Moments
8.11 Formal Charge and Oxidation Number
8.12 Writing Lewis Formulas
8.13 Periodicity of Bonding, Valence, and Oxidation Number
8.14 Intermolecular Forces
Problems
Additional Problems
9 Condensed States of Matter
9.1 Crystalline Solids
9.2 The Crystal Lattice; The Unit Cell
9.3 Compound Lattices
9.4 Real Crystals
9.5 Liquids; Glasses
9.6 Changes of State
9.7 Spontaneous Change; Entropy
9.8 Liquid-Gas Interconversion; Vapor Pressure
9.9 Critical Constants
9.10 Boiling, Melting, and Freezing Points
9.11 The Phase Diagram
9.12 Colloids; Adsorbents
Problems
Additional Problems
10 Solutions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Liquid Solutions
10.3 Measures of Composition for Solutions
10.4 Solubility
10.5 Solubility and Temperature
10.6 Supersaturation
10.7 Solubility and Molecular Structure
10.8 Detergency
10.9 Solid Solutions
Vapor Pressures of Solutions
10.10 General Remarks
10.11 Raoult's Law
10.12 Deviations from Raoult's Law
10.13 Vapor Pressure and Equilibrium
Colligative Properties of Solutions
10.14 Vapor Pressure Depression
10.15 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
10.16 Osmotic Pressure
10.17 Determination of Molecular Weights
Problems
Additional Problems
11 Chemical Equilibrium
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Law of Chemical Equilibrium
11.3 Change of K with Form of Equation
11.4 Combination of Equilibria
11.5 Principle of Le Chatelier
11.6 Heterogeneous Equilibrium
11.7 Equilibrium in Solutions
11.8 Calculation of the Equilibrium Constant
11.9 Calculations from the Equilibrium Constant
Problems
Additional Problems
12 Ionic Solutions
12.1 Electrical Conductance
12.2 Colligative Properties of Solutions of Electrolytes
12.3 Electronic and Ionic Conduction
12.4 Solvation of Ions
12.5 Dielectric Constant
12.6 Covalent Electrolytes
12.7 Net Ionic Equations
12.8 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations by the Ion-Electron Method
12.9 Electrode Reactions
12.10 Conductivity and Equivalent Conductance
12.11 Change of Equivalent Conductance with Concentration
12.12 Strong Electrolytes
12.13 Weak Electrolytes
Problems
Additional Problems
13 Acids and Bases
13.1 Early Definitions
13.2 Brönsted-Lowry Concept of Acid-Base Reactions
13.3 Mechanism of Proton Transfer
13.4 Amphoterism; Self-Ionization
13.5 Types of Acid-Base Reactions
13.6 Lewis Acid-Base Concept
13.7 Examples of Lewis Acids
13.8 Nucleophilic Displacement
13.9 Electrophilic Displacement
13.10 Soft and Hard Acids and Bases
Problems
Additional Problems
14 Ionic Equilibrium Calculations
14.1 Introduction
Acid-Base Equilibria
14.2 The Ionization of Water
14.3 pH
14.4 Strong Acids and Bases
14.5 Ionization of Weak Acids
14.6 Ionization of Weak Bases
14.7 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
14.8 Polyprotic Acids and Bases
14.9 General Treatment of Simultaneous Equilibria
14.10 Common-Ion Effect
14.11 Buffer Solutions
Slight Soluble Salts
14.12 Solubility Product
14.13 Solubility and pH
Problems
Additional Problems
15 Analysis of Ions in Solutions
15.1 Titrations and Molarity
15.2 Indicators
15.3 Titration Curves
15.4 Absorbance; Colorimetry
15.5 Equivalent Weight and Normality
15.6 Precision and Accuracy
Problems
Additional Problems
16 Galvanic Cells
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electricity from a Chemical Reaction
16.3 Electrical Work
16.4 Measurement of Electromotive Force
16.5 Conventional Notation for Cells
16.6 The Sign of an Electrode
16.7 The Nernst Equation
16.8 Half-Cell Potentials
16.9 Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
16.10 Decomposition Potential
16.11 The Dry Cell and the Storage Cell
16.12 Corrosion
Problems
Additional Problems
17 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Second Law
17.3 Reversible Processes
17.4 Free Energy
17.5 Free Energy and Emf
17.6 Free Energy and Equilibrium
17.7 Emf and Equilibrium
17.8 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction
17.9 Entropy and Free Energy
17.10 Entropy and Heat
17.11 Heat Engines
17.12 Fuel Cells
Problems
Additional Problems
18 Molecular Orbital Theory of Bonding
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bonding Molecular Orbitals
18.3 Antibonding MO's
18.4 Sigma (σ) Bonds
18.5 Pi (π) Bonds
18.6 Molecular Orbital Energy Levels
18.7 Metallic Bonding
18.8 Metallic Properties in Terms of MO Band Theory
18.9 Insulators and Semiconductors
Problems
Additional Problems
19 Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Shape
19.1 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals (AO's)
19.2 Multiply Bonded Molecules
19.3 Hybridization with d Orbitals
19.4 Properties of Covalent Bonds
19.5 Resonance and Delocalized p Electrons
19.6 Structure of Oxyanions; p-d π Bonding
19.7 Structure and Reactivity of Oxyacids and Oxyanions
19.8 Charge Dispersal and Basicity
19.9 Molecular Shape
19.10 Effect of Unshared Pairs of Electrons
19.11 Molecular Shape and Dipole Moments
19.12 Molecular Symmetry
Problems
Additional Problems
20 Chemical Kinetics
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Conditions Affecting Reaction Rates
20.3 Theory of Reaction Rates
20.4 Mechanism and Rate Equation
20.5 Finding a Mechanism
20.6 Catalysis
20.7 Half-Life for First-Order Reactions
20.8 Chain Reactions
Problems
Additional Problems
21 The Representative Elements
21.1 The Physical Properties of the Representative Elements
21.2 Allotropy
21.3 The Preparation of the Representative Elements
21.4 Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen Cycles
21.5 The Hydrides of the Representative Elements
21.6 The Oxides of the Representative Elements
21.7 Peroxides
21.8 Properties of the Halides
21.9 Electron-Deficient Molecules
21.10 The Zinc Subgroup (Group 2T)
21.11 Some Common Oxides and Their Role as Environmental Pollutants
21.12 The Noble Gases (Group 0)
Problems
Additional Problems
22 Transition Elements; Complex Ions and Molecules
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Complex Formation
22.3 Coordination Number
22.4 Werner's Coordination Theory
22.5 Coordination Number and Shape
22.6 Bonding in Transition-Metal Complexes
22.7 Stereoisomerism
22.8 The Stability of Complex Ions
Problems
Additional Problems
23 Organic Chemistry
23.1 What is Organic Chemistry?
23.2 The Bonding of Carbon
23.3 Alkane Hydrocarbons; Isomerism and Homology
23.4 The Shapes of Alkanes; Conformation
23.5 Multiple Bonds; Geometrical Isomerism
23.6 Cycloalkanes
23.7 Benzene and Aromatic Compounds
23.8 Structure of Benzene; Delocalization Energy
23.9 Functional Groups
23.10 Chirality; Optical Isomerism
Reactions of Organic Compounds
23.11 Decomposition
23.12 Displacement or Substitution on Carbon
23.13 Addition Reactions
23.14 Elimination Reactions
23.15 Rearrangements
Problems
Additional Problems
24 Radiation and Matter
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Molecular Energies
24.3 General Features of Spectra
24.4 Electronic Excitation; Uv Spectroscopy
24.5 Vibrational Excitation; Ir Spectroscopy
24.6 Nuclear Spin Excitation; Nmr Spectroscopy
24.7 Mass Spectral Analysis
24.8 Atmospheric Radiation Chemistry
Problems
Additional Problems
25 Nuclear Chemistry
25.1 Radioactivity
25.2 Nuclear Energy
25.3 Nuclear Structure
25.4 The Stability of Nuclei
25.5 Nuclear Reactions
25.6 Rate of Radioactive Decay
25.7 Radiochemistry
Problems
Additional Problems
26 Polymers and Biochemicals
26.1 Background and Definitions
26.2 The Decomposition of Natural High Polymers; Repeating Units
26.3 The Production of Synthetic High Polymers by Condensation
26.4 Addition Polymerization
26.5 The Orientation and Linkage of Monomeric Units
26.6 Properties of Polymers
26.7 Ion-Exchange Resins
26.8 Biochemical Polymers
Problems
Additional Problems
Appendix I Systems of Measurement and Review of Physical Concepts
I.1 Matter
I.2 Motion
I.3 The Metric System
I.4 Length
I.5 Mass
I.6 Temperature
I.7 Volume
I.8 Density
I.9 Force and Weight
I.10 Pressure
I.11 Energy, Work, Heat, and Power
I.12 Electric Current and Derived Electrical Quantities
I.13 Radioactivity
I.14 The Uncertainty of Measurements
I.15 Exponents and Logarithms
I.16 Approximate Solutions to Quadratic Equations
I.17 Vectors
Appendix II Nomenclature
II.1 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
II.2 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Appendix III The Electronic Configurations of the Elements
Appendix IV Fundamental Constants
Appendix V Vapor Pressure of Water
Appendix VI Abbreviations
Appendix VII Logarithms
Answers
Index
- Edition: 3
- Published: January 1, 1975
- No. of pages (eBook): 644
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN: 9780323162074
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