Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles

1st Edition - November 27, 2024
Editors: Kalim Deshmukh, Jagan Mohan Dodda, Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 0 8 8 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 4 0 8 9 - 1

Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles holistically covers the development and application of chitosan nanoparticles, providing an accessible and inter… Read more

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Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles holistically covers the development and application of chitosan nanoparticles, providing an accessible and interdisciplinary resource for both those new to the field and those who wish to deepen their knowledge. The book begins with an introduction to synthesis methods, fundamental chemistry, characterization, and surface functionalization of chitosan nanoparticles, guiding the reader through each stage of development. A wide range of biomedical applications are explored, from vaccine delivery, tumor targeting, tissue engineering, and wound healing and antimicrobial therapy.

This will be a helpful guide for postgraduate students and researchers who are starting out in this field, as well as established researchers in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology, materials chemistry, and bioscience.

Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 Chitosan nanoparticles: Fundamental chemistry, properties, and current research trends in biomedical field
Abstract
Keywords
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physicochemical properties of chitosan nanoparticles
1.3 Intrinsic bioactivities of chitosan nanoparticles
1.3.1 Anticancer activity
1.3.2 Antidiabetic activity
1.3.3 Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity
1.3.4 Antimicrobial activity
1.3.5 Biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hemocompatibility
1.3.6 Mucoadhesion
1.3.7 Penetration and permeation enhancer
1.3.8 Wound healing
1.4 Synthesis, characterization, and surface modification of chitosan nanoparticles
1.5 Recent trends in the application of chitosan nanoparticles
1.5.1 Drug delivery
1.5.2 Biomedical applications
1.6 Challenges and future perspective
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Synthesis methods of chitosan nanoparticles: A review
Abstract
Keywords
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis methods of chitosan nanoparticles
2.2.1 Emulsification and cross-linking
2.2.2 Reverse micelles
2.2.3 Emulsion-droplet coalescence and emulsion-solvent diffusion
2.2.4 Micro-fluidic method
2.2.5 Ionic cross-linking or ionic gelation
2.2.6 Ionic gelation with radical polymerization
2.2.7 Self-assembly
2.2.8 Top-down
2.2.9 Spray drying
2.2.10 Supercritical-CO2-assisted solubilization and atomization
2.3 Green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles
2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
3 Spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations of chitosan nanoparticles
Abstract
Keywords
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characterization techniques
3.2.1 Spectroscopic techniques for characterization of chitosan nanoparticles
3.2.2 Microscopic techniques for characterizations of chitosan nanoparticles
3.3 Summary
References
4 Biocompatibility, biodegradability, and toxicity evaluations of chitosan nanoparticles
Abstract
Keywords
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biocompatibility assessments of CSNPs
4.2.1 Cell viability studies
4.2.2 Cytotoxicity assays
4.2.3 Assessment of inflammatory response
4.2.4 Hemocompatibility
4.3 In vivo biocompatibility and toxicity assessments
4.3.1 Animal models
4.3.2 Histopathological examination
4.3.3 Organ function tests
4.4 Biodegradability studies
4.4.1 Degradation kinetics
4.4.2 Identification of degradation products
4.5 Factors influencing biocompatibility and toxicity
4.5.1 Particle size and surface charge
4.5.2 Concentration and exposure duration
4.6 Regulatory compliance
4.7 Future prospects
4.8 Conclusions
References
5 Surface functionalization, crosslinking, and grafting of chitosan nanoparticles
Abstract
Keywords
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chitosan nanoparticles
5.2.1 Surface functionalization
5.2.2 Grafting of chitosan nanoparticles
5.2.3 Crosslinking of chitosan nanoparticles
5.2.4 bioactive compounds incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
5.3 Systemic toxicity of chitosan nanoparticles
5.3.1 Hemocompatibility
5.4 Biomedical applications of functionalized, grafted, and crosslinked chitosan nanoparticles
5.4.1 Drug delivery and drug release
5.4.2 Tissue engineering
5.4.3 Cancer diagnostics and therapy
5.4.4 Biosensing
5.4.5 Photodynamic therapy
5.4.6 Bioimaging
5.5 Challenges and future prospects
5.6 Conclusions
References
6 Chitosan nanoparticles: A promising tool in nanomedicine
Abstract
Keywords
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physical, chemical and biological properties of CS and CSNPs
6.2.1 Adhesivity of CSNPs
6.2.2 Biodegradability and safety of CSNPs
6.2.3 Antitumor effect of CSNPs
6.3 Surface modification of the CSNPs
6.4 Fabrication methods of CSNPs
6.4.1 Solvent evaporation and ionic crosslinking
6.4.2 Covalent crosslinking
6.4.3 Ionotropic gelation
6.4.4 Microemulsion method
6.4.5 Emulsification solvent diffusion method
6.4.6 Polyelectrolyte complex
6.5 Transport mechanism of CSNPs
6.6 Drug release mechanism from CSNPs
6.7 CS based therapeutics delivery system
6.7.1 Passive drug delivery system
6.7.2 Targeted therapeutics delivery system
6.7.3 Theranostics for imaging and drug delivery
6.7.4 Delivery of protein, peptide, siRNA, etc.
6.8 Toxicological profile of the CSNPs
6.9 Metabolism of CSNPs
6.10 Preclinical and clinical status of the CSNPs based nanomedicine
6.11 Challenges and future prospects
6.12 Conclusion
References
7 Chitosan nanoparticles as drug carriers and gene delivery systems: Advances and challenges
Abstract
Keywords
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Latest cancer deliveries developed using chitosan nanoparticles
7.2.1 Cancer-targeted chitosan delivered by specific ligands
7.2.2 Thiolated chitosan in cancer cell adhesion
7.2.3 PEGylated CSNPs
7.2.4 Polyphenolic-chitosan nanoassemblies
7.3 Chitosan nanoparticles in nonviral gene delivery
7.3.1 Chitosan nanoparticles-based siRNA/DNA delivery systems
7.3.2 Nucleotides-CSNPs
7.3.3 Polypeptide-CSNPs
7.4 Current clinical and preclinical investigations
7.5 Challenges and future perspective
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Chitosan nanoparticles in vaccine delivery systems
Abstract
Keywords
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Historical timeline of chitosan nanoparticles for vaccine delivery
8.3 Natural sources of chitosan
8.4 Chemistry of chitin
8.5 Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles
8.6 Step involved in the preparation of vaccine by chitosan nanoparticles
8.6.1 Antigen selection and characterization
8.6.2 Chitosan-based vaccine formulation design
8.6.3 Antigen encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles
8.6.4 Stabilization and control
8.7 Mechanism of chitosan nanoparticles in application of vaccine delivery
8.8 Future prospects
8.9 Conclusions
References
9 Chitosan nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications
Abstract
Keywords
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Antimicrobial activity of chitosan
9.2.1 Antibacterial study
9.2.2 Antifungal study
9.2.3 CSNP antiviral efficacy
9.3 Enhancement of antimicrobial activities
9.3.1 Enhancement of chitosan antibacterial activity
9.3.2 Enhancement of chitosan antifungal activity
9.4 Cytotoxicity and degradation of CSNPs
9.5 Biomedical applications of CSNPs
9.6 Challenges and future perspectives of CSNPs in antimicrobial applications
9.6.1 Combination therapies
9.6.2 Responsive nanoparticles
9.6.3 Biosensors based on chitosan nanoparticles for microbial detection
9.7 Conclusions
References
10 Chitosan nanoparticles in tumor imaging and therapy
Abstract
Keywords
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Tumor-targeted delivery of chitosan-based NPs
10.3 Passive targeting
10.4 Active targeting
10.5 Tumor imaging
10.5.1 Optical imaging
10.5.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
10.5.3 Multimodal imaging
10.6 Effective tumor therapy using chitosan-based NPs
10.6.1 Chemotherapy
10.6.2 Gene therapy
10.6.3 Photodynamic therapy
10.6.4 Photothermal therapy
10.6.5 Hyperthermic tumor therapy
10.7 Challenges and future perspectives
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Hybrid chitosan nanoparticles for sequential targeting of breast, liver, and brain cancer
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis methods of chitosan nanoparticles and hybrid derivatives
11.3 Chitosan as a drug delivery nanovehicle
11.4 Hybrid chitosan nanoparticles for targeting breast cancer
11.5 Hybrid chitosan nanoparticles for targeting liver and lung cancer
11.6 Hybrid chitosan nanoparticles for targeting brain cancer
11.7 Challenges and future perspectives
11.8 Conclusion
References
12 Chitosan nanoparticles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Chitosan nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering
12.3 Chitosan nanoparticles for cartilage tissue engineering
12.4 Chitosan nanoparticles in dentistry
12.5 Chitosan nanoparticles in drug and gene delivery
12.6 Chitosan nanoparticles for nerve tissue engineering
12.7 Chitosan nanoparticles for blood vessel engineering
12.8 Chitosan nanoparticles for wounds and burns
12.9 Chitosan nanoparticles in ophthalmology
12.10 Challenges and future perspectives
12.11 Conclusion
References
13 Chitosan nanoparticles in wound healing and dressing application
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wound healing and dressing challenges
13.2.1 Wound healing process
13.2.2 Importance of wound dressings
13.3 CSNPs synthesis and characterization
13.3.1 Methods of CSNP synthesis
13.3.2 Characterization of CSNPs
13.4 CSNPs as wound healing agents
13.4.1 Antibacterial properties
13.4.2 Antifungal properties
13.4.3 Antiinflammatory activity
13.4.4 Immunomodulatory activity
13.5 CSNPs as wound dressing
13.5.1 Enhanced drug delivery
13.5.2 Sustained release of therapeutics
13.5.3 Biodegradability and biocompatibility
13.5.4 Adhesive and flexible dressing forms
13.6 CSNPs in chronic wound management
13.6.1 Diabetic foot ulcers
13.6.2 Pressure ulcer
13.6.3 Venous leg ulcers
13.7 Clinical studies and applications
13.7.1 Wound healing
13.7.2 In vivo studies
13.8 Future perspectives and challenges
13.8.1 Future perspectives
13.8.2 Challenges
13.8.3 Potential applications in tissue engineering
13.8.4 Regulatory considerations
13.8.5 Overcoming limitations and obstacles
13.9 Conclusion
References
14 Applications of chitosan nanoparticles in veterinary medicine and diagnostics
Abstract
Keywords
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Origins and affordability of chitosan
14.3 Methods of preparation of CSNPs
14.3.1 Emulsification and cross-linking
14.3.2 Microemulsion (reversed micelles)
14.3.3 Diffusion of an emulsion solvent
14.3.4 Ionic gelation and complexation of polyelectrolytes
14.3.5 Radical polymerization and modified ionic gelation
14.3.6 Emulsion-droplet coalescence
14.3.7 Large-scale production of CSNPs: Spinning disk processing technology (SDP)
14.4 Role of nanotechnology in veterinary applications
14.5 Veterinary applications of CSNPs
14.5.1 Wound treatment
14.5.2 Tissue engineering
14.5.3 Analgesia
14.5.4 Antimicrobial activity
14.6 Diagnostics
14.6.1 Vaccine
14.6.2 Diagnosis of bacterial and mycotic diseases
14.7 Prospects, challenges, and future directions
14.8 Conclusions
References
15 Chitosan nanoparticles-hydrogel composites for biomedical applications
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Tissue engineering
15.2.1 Skin regeneration
15.2.2 Bone regeneration
15.2.3 Cardiac tissues regeneration
15.3 Genetic engineering
15.4 Neural engineering
15.5 Pharmaceutical engineering
15.5.1 Drug delivery
15.5.2 Wound healing
15.5.3 Tissue engineering
15.5.4 Disease treatment
15.6 Medical imaging
15.6.1 Magnetic resonance imaging
15.6.2 Fluorescence imaging
15.6.3 Other imaging techniques
15.7 Implants
15.7.1 Utilization of chitosan composites for implant scaffolds
15.7.2 Postsurgery injectable/implanting chitosan hydrogel for cancer therapy
15.8 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
References
16 Regulatory status and toxicological, environmental, and health impacts of chitosan nanoparticles
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Chitosan
16.2.1 Preparation of CS
16.2.2 Physicochemical properties of CS
16.2.3 Synthesis and characterization of CSNPs
16.3 Healthcare impacts
16.3.1 Antimicrobial properties of CSNPs
16.3.2 Antibiofilm effect of CS/metal oxide nanocomposites
16.3.3 Antifungal effect of CSNPs
16.3.4 Anticancer effect of CS and CS-based NCs
16.3.5 Drug delivery properties of CSNPs
16.3.6 Role of nanomaterial-based nanocarriers
16.3.7 Various nanocarriers and their uses in drug delivery systems
16.4 Environmental impacts
16.5 Toxicological impact
16.5.1 In vitro and in vivo toxicological impact of CSNPs
16.6 Regulatory status
16.6.1 Regulatory considerations for CSNPs
16.6.2 Regulatory pathways
16.6.3 CSNP-mediated medical products
16.6.4 Further regulatory considerations
16.7 Conclusion
References
Index

Kalim Deshmukh

Dr. Kalim Deshmukh is a Senior Researcher at the New Technologies-Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic. He has over 15 years of research experience in the field of synthesis, characterization and structure-property relationships in a wide variety of polymeric materials, polymer blends and nanocomposites for various technological applications. His research interest is mainly focused on the synthesis, characterization and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers including nanoparticles and carbon allotropes such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives for potential electronic applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Researcher, New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic

Jagan Mohan Dodda

Dr. Jagan Mohan Dodda is a Senior Researcher at the New Technology Research Institute, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic. He obtained his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (Bhavnagar University), Gujarat, India. Later, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Akita University (Japan), Korea Forest Research Institute (South Korea) and University Sains Malaysia (Malaysia). He has 14 years of teaching and research experience in the field of Polymer Science and Technology. He specializes in the synthesis and characterization of biocompatible materials for biomedical applications, high-performance polymers, membranes, hydrogels and polymeric nanomaterials etc. He is the author of 30 research articles (>1000 citations) in reputed scientific journals, e.g., Journal of Membrane Science, European Polymer Journal, Polymer International, Desalination, Macromolecular Bioscience, Polymer Degradation and Stability, Carbon, etc.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Chemical Processes and Biomaterials, New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní, Pilsen, Czech Republic

Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny

Dr. Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny is a Tenured Professor of smart nanomaterials and nanomedicine, and he is the Founding Chairman of Nano and Materials Sciences Programs, and the Director of the Center of Materials Science (CMS) at Zewail City of Science and Technology. El-Sherbiny earned his PhD from Massey University, New Zealand, then joined various research groups as a post-doctoral fellow at College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico and Texas University-Austin in the United States. Then, appointed as Research Assistant Professor at College of Pharmacy, University of Texas-Austin, USA. Dr. El-Sherbiny received several honouring and local, regional and international scientific awards, including, for example, the Order of the Egyptian Republic in Science and Arts of the first class and an honor, the State Award for Excellence in Advanced Technological Sciences, and the Egyptian State Encouragement Award in Science in 2011. He also received two gold medals in addition to two honorary diplomas from the 46th International Exhibition of Innovation in Geneva, Switzerland, as well as a number of medals and diplomas from France, Malaysia, Romania, and the Gulf Cooperation Council, in recognition of his innovations in the use of nanotechnology in biomedical applications. El-Sherbiny’s research focuses on the design and development of new classes of smart nano- and nano-in-micro matrices using advanced nanotechnology techniques and evaluating these new structures as potential candidates in various biotechnological and biomedical applications including targeted and controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biosensing. Dr. El-Sherbiny is the author/editor of two books plus contribution to more than other 30 books, and more than fifteen review articles. He is also a named inventor on more than 25 patents in U.S., U.K., Europe and Egypt. He is a member of different societies and associations including the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, the Biomedical Engineering Society (U.S.), the American Chemical Society (U.S.), the Egyptian Chemical Society, the Egyptian Society for Polymer Science & Technology, and the Materials Research Society (U.S.). Besides, he is the A. Editor of the long-lasting Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy journal plus being an editorial board member of many other well-respected nano- and pharmaceutical journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Smart Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine, Founding Chairman of Nanoscience Program, Founding Director of the Center of Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt

Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku

Prof. Rotimi Sadiku, currently a Professor at the Department of Chemical, Metallurgical, and Materials Engineering at Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa, earned his BSc. [Hons] and a PhD from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, specializing in Polymer Physics with a focus on Polymer Processing, X-ray Diffraction, Thermal Characteristics, Rheology, and Microscopy of Polymers techniques.

His academic journey includes a role as a Lecturer II at the Federal University of Technology in Nigeria, followed by a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the University of Genova/CNR, Italy. Upon returning to Nigeria, he continued his career by joining the Federal University of Technology, where he served as a Senior Lecturer. He also spent a year as a Research Fellow at the KTH Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. In January 2004, he assumed his current position as a Research Professor at Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), South Africa.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

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Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles

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Kalim Deshmukh

Jagan Mohan Dodda

Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny

Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku