Fuel Cells for Transportation

Fundamental Principles and Applications

1st Edition - May 19, 2023

Editors: Prodip K. Das, Kui Jiao, Yun Wang, Frano Barbir, Xianguo Li

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 4 8 5 - 9

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 4 8 6 - 6

Fuel Cells for Transportation: Fundamental Principles and Applications is the first comprehensive reference on the application of fuel cells for light- and heavy-duty… Read more

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Fuel Cells for Transportation: Fundamental Principles and Applications is the first comprehensive reference on the application of fuel cells for light- and heavy-duty transportation. Addressing the subject from both a materials and engineering perspective, the book examines integration, modeling, and optimization of fuel cells from fundamentals to the latest advances. Chapters address every aspect of fuel cell systems for transport applications, including performance optimization, stack characterization, low-cost materials and catalysts, design of bipolar plates and flow fields, water and thermal management, durability under automotive driving cycles, cold start, state of the art characterization, optimization of various components, and more.

Each chapter reviews the fundamental principles of the topic before going on to examine the latest developments alongside current applications and real-world case studies. This is an essential reference for graduate students and researchers working on fuel cells for transport applications, as well as professional engineers involved in the application of fuel cells and clean energy and working in any sector of the transportation industry.

Cover Image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Chapter 1. Fuel cells for transportation—an overview
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hydrogen and fuel cell
1.3 History of hydrogen and fuel cell development
1.4 Fuel cells for transportation
1.5 Present status of fuel cells for transportation
1.6 Future of hydrogen and fuel cells
1.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2. Fuel cell fundamentals
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Operation principle of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
2.3 Reaction kinetics and transport processes
2.4 Electrode properties
2.5 Water management
2.6 Summary
Review questions
References
Chapter 3. Fuel cell modeling and optimization
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fuel cell modeling approach and key physicochemical and operating parameters
3.3 Numerical optimization of PEMFCs
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4. Lattice Boltzmann modeling and artificial intelligence
Abstract
4.1 Overview of lattice Boltzmann method and artificial intelligence
4.2 Application of lattice Boltzmann method in fuel cells
4.3 Artificial intelligence method
4.4 Combination of lattice Boltzmann method and artificial intelligence
4.5 Summary
References
Chapter 5. Low platinum-based electrocatalysts for fuel cells: status and prospects
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Functionalization of commercial carbon supports
5.3 Methods for loading Pt-based electrocatalysts on carbon supports
5.4 Synthesis of Pt-based electrocatalysts
5.5 Postsynthesis treatments of Pt-based electrocatalysts
5.6 Future direction and prospects
References
Chapter 6. Platinum group metal-free catalysts for fuel cells: status and prospects
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Platinum group metal-free catalyst development
6.3 Integration of platinum group metal-free catalyst in membrane electrode assembly
6.4 Stability and durability of platinum group metal-free cathode
6.5 Mitigation strategies
6.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7. Effective transport properties for fuel cells: modeling and experimental characterization
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Structure and composition of porous transport layers in fuel cells
7.3 Effective transport properties
7.4 Modeling and experimental techniques
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8. Liquid water transport and management for fuel cells
Abstract
8.1 Water production
8.2 Two-phase flow basics
8.3 PEMFC architecture
8.4 Channels and flow fields
8.5 Liquid management concerns and strategies
8.6 Pressure and flow control
8.7 Thermal regulation and humidification
8.8 Startup/shutdown
8.9 Surface coatings
8.10 Ultrathin electrodes
8.11 Patterned and structured porous media
8.12 Summary
References
Chapter 9. Fuel cell short stack testing
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of fuel cell operation and testing
9.3 Testing requirements
9.4 Measurement techniques
9.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10. Power demand for fuel cell system in hybrid vehicles
Abstract
10.1 Introduction to hybrid fuel cell powertrain
10.2 Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle road testing profiles
10.3 Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle body modeling
10.4 Fuel cell power demand from hybrid powertrain
10.5 A case study for the fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles energy management strategy
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. Bipolar plates and flow field design
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bipolar plates
11.3 Flow field design
11.4 Materials and manufacturing
11.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12. Heat transport and thermal management
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The heat in proton exchange membrane fuel cell
12.3 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell thermal management
12.4 Summary
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 13. Mass transport in the cathode
Abstract
13.1 Mass transfer in cathode gas flow fields
13.2 Mass transfer in cathode gas diffusion layer and microporous layer
13.3 Mass transfer in cathode catalyst layer
13.4 Summary
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 14. Control-oriented computational fluid dynamics models for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 1D computational fluid dynamics model
14.3 Pseudo-2D computational fluid dynamics model
14.4 Model accuracy and computing speed
14.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. Fuel cell durability under automotive driving cycles—fundamentals and experiments
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fundamental degradation mechanisms under automotive driving cycles
15.3 Steady-state durability test
15.4 In situ accelerated stress test
15.5 Ex situ accelerated stress test
15.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16. Subzero startup of polymer electrolyte fuel cell—a battle between water and thermal management at low temperatures
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Overview of subzero experiment
16.3 Damage and mitigation in subzero scenarios
16.4 States and behavior of water at subzero
16.5 Temperature-dependent properties and thermal behavior at subzero
16.6 Subzero startup strategies and techniques
16.7 Directions for further study
16.8 Summary
16.9 Exercise questions
References
Further reading
Chapter 17. Solid oxide fuel cells for vehicles
Abstract
17.1 Overview of fuel cell
17.2 Solid oxide fuel cells for transportation
17.3 Fuel types
17.4 Applications
17.5 Challenges and related efforts
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Hydrogen refueling stations/infrastructure
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Hydrogen fuel
18.3 Hydrogen refueling station
18.4 Hydrogen refueling station networks
18.5 Challenges in hydrogen refueling stations network development
18.6 Summary
Nomenclature
Acronyms
References
Index

Prodip K. Das

Dr. Prodip Das is an Associate Professor in Hydrogen Energy Systems at The University of Edinburgh, UK. He received his undergraduate degree from Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) in 1998 with distinctions. He received two master's degrees. The first one was from BUET (2001) and the second one was from the University of Alberta (2003). He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Waterloo in 2010 with a specialization in hydrogen fuel cells. His research interests and areas of expertise include Li-ion batteries, fuel cells, flow batteries, energy conversion & storage, transport phenomena in porous media, nanofluids, convective heat transfer, infrared thermography, and multi-physics modeling and simulation.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor in Hydrogen Energy Systems at The University of Edinburgh, UK

Kui Jiao

Kui Jiao is a Professor in the State Key Laboratory of Engines at Tianjin University, China. He received his PhD in 2011 from the University of Waterloo, Canada, in the field of mechanical engineering. He has experience in a variety of research fields including fuel cell, thermoelectric generators and turbocharger compressors, and has a special interest in using AI technologies to solve problems in energy. He has published over 100 papers, and received a number of prestigious awards for his work. In addition he has led significant projects in industry and academia, and is Editor of Energy and AI. He serves as Vice President of the Fuel Cell Engine Division, for the Chinese Society of Internal Combustion Engines (CSICE), and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC).

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Yun Wang

Yun Wang received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanics and Engineering Science from Peking University in 1998 and 2001, respectively. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering Pennsylvania State University. He joined the MAE (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering) faculty at the University of California, Irvine in 2006. He has produced over 80 publications in PEM fuel cell, Li-air battery, and other energy systems, including a book on PEM Fuel Cell Water and Thermal Management Fundamentals in 2013 and Practical Handbook of Thermal Fluid Science (accepted). Dr. Wang served as Track chair/co-chair, session chair/co-chair, conference chair and committee member for many international conferences on fuel cell, thermal energy, and engineering. Dr. Wang received 2018 Reviewer of The Year from the Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage. Dr. Wang is currently Professor at the UC Irvine, ASME fellow, and RSC fellow.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The University of California, Irvine, USA

Frano Barbir

Frano Barbir is Professor Emeritus at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia. He has been actively involved in hydrogen and fuel cell technology R&D, engineering and applications since 1989, working in the U.S. as a researcher and R&D manager in both industry and universities, and in Turkey as the Associate Director of Science and Technology of the UNIDO – International Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies. His research interests include heat and mass transfer in PEM fuel cells, effects of operational conditions on fuel cell performance and durability, design of fuel cells and fuel cell stacks and systems, fuel cell applications, and hydrogen energy concept and its role in the context of energy future. He holds a Dipl.-Ing. degree in mechanical engineering and an M.Sc. degree in chemical engineering both from University of Zagreb, Croatia, and a Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.

Affiliations and expertise

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia

Xianguo Li

Dr. Xianguo Li is a Professor of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, and a University Research Chair, at the University of Waterloo. He received his Bachelor of Engineering degree from Tianjin University, China, in 1982, Masters and PhD degree from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA, in 1986 and 1989, respectively. His research interests include fuel cells, liquid fuel atomization and sprays, and green energy systems, as well as the thermal management of power batteries for electric vehicles. He serves as the editor in chief for the International Journal of Green Energy, and also on the editorial/advisory board for many journals, book series, encyclopedia and handbooks. He is Vice President, Technical Program, Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME), and President of the Fuel Cell Division, International Association for Hydrogen Energy. He is a fellow of Canadian Academy of Engineering, Engineering Institute of Canada, and CSME. Dr. Li is the founder and initiator of the International Green Energy Conference series and World Fuel Cell Conference series.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University Research Chair, University of Waterloo, Canada