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Fracture of Nonmetals and Composites

1st Edition - January 1, 1972

Editor: H. Liebowitz

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 7 3 2 9 - 7

Fracture: An Advanced Treatise, Volume VII: Fracture of Nonmetals and Composites examines the fracture of nonmetals and composites. The text of this treatise has been designed so… Read more

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Fracture: An Advanced Treatise, Volume VII: Fracture of Nonmetals and Composites examines the fracture of nonmetals and composites. The text of this treatise has been designed so that the reader may acquire pertinent information by self-study. Most chapters have been written in detail and, insofar as possible, have been made to fill a significant gap by also providing, when appropriate, the details of complicated and involved mathematical derivations in appendixes. Whenever possible, only a level of college calculus on the part of the reader has been assumed. Numerical examples showing the engineering applications have been included; also, photographs and drawings have been greatly utilized. The book opens with a review of the fracture behavior of glass. This is followed by separate chapters on the fracture of polymeric glasses; mechanics of the fracture process in rock, with emphasis on the engineering viewpoint; the fracture behavior of simple, single-phase ceramics; and empirical information about, and our level of understanding of, fracture in polycrystalline ceramics. Subsequent chapters deal with the fracture of elastomers; molecular mechanical aspects of the isothermal rupture of elastomers; failure mechanics of fibrous composites; fracture mechanics of composites; fracture and healing of compact bones; and fracture of two-phase alloys; and fracture of lake ice and sea ice.

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1. Fracture of Glass

I. Introduction

II. General Fracture Behavior

III. Glass Structure

IV. Maximum Tension as Failure Criterion

V. Methods of Estimating Ultimate Strength

VI. Stress Concentration

VII. The Griffith Theory

VIII. Measuring Breaking Stresses

IX. Fracture Surfaces

X. Importance of Surface Condition

XI. Statistical Failure Theories

XII. Static Fatigue

XIII. Effect of Elevated Temperature

XIV. Current Status of the Microcrack

XV. Four Ranges of Glass Strength

XVI. Other Fracture Criteria

XVII. Recommended Research

XVIII. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 2. Fracture of Polymeric Glasses

I. Introduction

II. Characteristics of Polymeric Materials

III. Modes of Failure of Polymers

IV. Theories of Fracture

V. Fracture of Amorphous Polymers

VI. Time-Dependent Fracture

VII. Conclusions and Recommended Research

VIII. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 3. Brittle Fracture of Rock

I. Introduction

II. Nature and Scope of Treatment

III. Determination of Limiting States of Stress

IV. Theories of Fracture

V. Effect of Planes of Weakness

VI. Evidence for the Existence and Extension of Cracks in Rock

VII. Crack Extension

VIII. Coefficient of Friction for Rock and Minerals

IX. Recommended Research

X. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 4. Microscopic Aspects of Fracture in Ceramics

I. Introduction

II. Theoretical Strength of Ceramic Materials

III. Crack Initiation in Ceramic Single Crystals

IV. Crack Growth in Ceramic Single Crystals

V. Crack Propagation in Ceramic Single Crystals

VI. Fracture of Polycrystalline Ceramics at Low Temperatures

VII. Fracture of Polycrystalline Ceramics at High Temperatures

VIII. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 5. Fracture in Polycrystalline Ceramics

I. Introduction

II. Plastic and Brittle Behavior of Ceramic Oxides

III. Fracture in Polycrystalline Alumina

IV. Factors Affecting Strength of Ceramics

V. Recommended Research

VI. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 6. Fracture of Elastomers

I. Introduction

II. Internal Viscosity of Elastomers

III. Tensile Strength

IV. Tear Strength

V. Effect of Fillers

VI. Cut Growth Due to Repeated Stressing

VII. Fatigue Cracking

VIII. Abrasive Wear

IX. Resistance to Ozone Cracking

X. Elastic Instabilities

XI. Summary and Recommended Research

Symbols

References

Chapter 7. Molecular Mechanical Aspects of the Isothermal Rupture of Elastomers

I. Introduction

II. The Rubber State

III. Phenomenological Aspects of Rupture

IV. Discussion

V. Factors in Application

VI. Recommended Research

VII. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 8. Mechanics of Failure of Fibrous Composites

I. Introduction

II. Tensile Strength

III. Shear Failure

IV. Compressive Strength

V. Combined Loads

VI. Experimental Evaluations

VII. Recommended Research

VIII. Summary and Concluding Discussion

Symbols

References

Chapter 9. Fracture Mechanics of Composites

I. Introduction

II. Concepts of Fracture Mechanics

III. Experimental Investigations of Crack Extension and Fracture Behavior of Composites

IV. Recommended Research

V. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 10. Mechanics of Bone Fracture

I. Introduction

II. Constitution and Structure of Bone

III. Mechanical Properties of Bone

IV. Mechanical Properties of Bones

V. Fracture of Bone and Bones

VI. Mechanical Aspects of Healing of Fractures

VII. Mechanical Models of Bone Material

VIII. Recommended Research

IX. Summary

References

Chapter 11. Microstructural Aspects of the Fracture of Two-Phase Alloys

I. Introduction

II. On the Role of Brittle Particles in Ductile Fracture

III. Flow and Fracture in Alloys with High Concentrations of a Hard Phase

IV. Recommended Research

V. Summary

Symbols

References

Chapter 12. Fracture of Lake and Sea Ice

I. Introduction

II. Structure of Ice and Ice Sheets

III. Chemistry and Phase Relations

IV. Dislocations, Cracks, and Stress Concentrators

V. Theoretical Considerations

VI.. Experimental Results

VII. Recommended Research

VIII. Summary

Symbols

References

Author Index

Subject Index