FORTRAN

PrefaceTo the Reader1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 The Keypunch 1.3 Input and Output Devices 1.4 Solving a Problem 1.5 Algorithms 1.6 FORTRAN, WATFOR, and WATFIV2 Introduction to FORTRAN 2.1 General Remarks 2.2 The Assignment Statement 2.3 The END Statement 2.4 The Listing of the Program; the STOP Statement 2.5 Executing the Program 2.6 The WRITE and FORMAT Statements 2.7 The Format-Free PRINT Statement 2.8 Performing an Addition 2.9 Performing a Multiplication 2.10 Restrictions and Limitations in Using F Format 2.11 REAL and INTEGER Mode 2.12 I Format 2.13 The INTEGER and REAL Declaration Statements 2.14 Restrictions Involved in Using I Format 2.15 Redefining Variables 2.16 Debugging Programs on the FORTRAN Compiler 2.17 Debugging Using the WATFOR/WATFIV Compiler 2.18 Labeling Cards 2.19 Continuation Cards 2.20 The Formatted PRINT Problems3 Calculations and the READ Statement 3.1 Performing Calculations in FORTRAN 3.2 Peculiarities of REAL and INTEGER Arithmetic 3.3 Mixed Mode 3.4 The READ Statement 3.5 Some Programming Tips on FORMATS and DATA Cards; Repeated Field Specifications 3.6 The WATFOR/WATFIV READ Statement; Doing Calculations in the PRINT Statement 3.7 The GO TO Statement 3.8 Flow Charts 3.9 Rounding Numbers 3.10 Strings 3.11 Strings in WATFIV 3.12 Another Form of the READ Statement Problems4 Functions and the IF Statement 4.1 Library Functions 4.2 The Logical IF Statement 4.3 Relational Operators: EQ, NE, GT, LT, GE, and LE 4.4 Other Applications of the IF Statement 4.5 Writing REAL Constants in Exponential Form 4.6 How REAL and INTEGER Constants Are Stored 4.7 Printing Using E Format 4.8 Using X Format 4.9 The Arithmetic IF Statement Problems5 The DO Loop, the IF-THEN-ELSE and the WHILE Loop 5.1 The DO Loop 5.2 T Format 5.3 More on DO Loops 5.4 Summations and Products 5.5 Negative Increments; Reading a Variable Number of Data Cards 5.6 The AND, OR, and NOT Logical Operators 5.7 LOGICAL Constants and Format 5.8 The LOGICAL Declaration Statement 5.9 Nested DO Loops 5.10 Applications of the DO Loop 5.11 A WATFIV-S Feature: The IF-THEN-ELSE (The Block IF) 5.12 Another WATFIV-S Feature: The WHILE Loop Problems6 Subscripted Variables, the DATA Statement, and the Implied DO Loop 6.1 Subscripted Variables 6.2 The DATA Statement 6.3 The Computed GO TO Statement 6.4 INTEGER Subscripted Variables 6.5 Sorting 6.6 Satisfying Input and Output Lists 6.7 Implied DO Loops Problems7 Doubly Subscripted Variables and Matrix Multiplication 7.1 Doubly Subscripted Variables 7.2 How Array's Elements Are Stored in the Computer's Memory 7.3 Matrix Multiplication 7.4 Reading Values into Arrays Problems8 Input/Output 8.1 Printing Using F Format 8.2 Reading Using F Format 8.3 I Format 8.4 E Format 8.5 Using Slashes in FORMAT Statements 8.6 Introduction to Alphanumeric Constants 8.7 More on the Implied DO Loop 8.8 Using Arrays Without Subscripts in READ and WRITE Statements 8.9 Repeated Groups of Field Specifications 8.10 The DATA Declaration Statement 8.11 Using G Format 8.12 T Format 8.13 Hollerith Fields 8.14 Control Characters 8.15 Using Strings in FORMATS Used with READ Statements 8.16 Reading Using X FORMAT 8.17 More on the READ and WRITE Statements; the END Option Problems9 Functions, Subprograms, and Subroutines 9.1 Statement Functions 9.2 Subprogram Functions 9.3 Using Arrays in Subprograms 9.4 Redefining Dummy Arguments in Function Subprograms 9.5 Subprograms Calling Other Subprograms 9.6 Subroutines 9.7 The Arguments of Subroutines and Function Subprograms 9.8 Differences Between Subroutines and Subprogram Functions 9.9 Modularizing Programs 9.10 Using Arrays as Arguments of Subroutines 9.11 Plotting Histograms 9.12 Matrix Multiplication Using Subroutines (Optional Section) Problems10 Structured Programming 10.1 Introduction to Structured Programming 10.2 Program Design Aids: Pseudo Language 10.3 Top-Down Design and the Hierarchial Diagram 10.4 Top-Down Testing 10.5 Program Design Aids: the HIPO Diagram 10.6 Management-Programming Techniques 10.7 Internal Documentation 10.8 Generality, Independence, and Integrity Problems11 The COMMON Statement and the EQUIVALENT Statement 11.1 The COMMON Declaration Statement 11.2 Labeled COMMON 11.3 BLOCK DATA Subroutine 11.4 More on COMMON 11.5 Comparison of Using Argument Lists and COMMON List 11.6 The EXTERNAL Statement 11.7 Execution-Time Dimensioning 11.8 The EQUIVALENCE Statement Problems12 Significance, Double Precision, Complex Numbers 12.1 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers 12.2 Significance 12.3 Overflow and Underflow 12.4 More on Significance 12.5 Hexidecimal Representation 12.6 Double Precision 12.7 Newton's Method and DOUBLE PRECISION Functions 12.8 Complex Numbers Problems13 More Input/Output 13.1 More on A FORMAT 13.2 CHARACTER Mode in WATFIV (and the Proposed ANS FORTRAN Revision) 13.3 Execution-Time FORMAT 13.4 The NAME LIST Statement 13.5 The PUNCH Statement 13.6 The Scale Factor 13.7 Files ProblemsAppendix A Object Decks B Control Cards for the IBM System 360/370 C Control Cards for WATFIV D Time SharingSubject Index