Fluoroelastomers Handbook

Part 1: Fluoroelastomers Overview 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Scope: Fluorocarbon Elastomers 1.3 Nature of Fluoroelastomers 1.4 Fundamental Properties 1.5 Developmental History: Compositions, Cure Technology 1.6 Major Uses of Fluoroelastomers 1.7 Producers of Fluoroelastomers2. Fluoroelastomer Composition and Properties 2.1 Fluoroelastomer Composition and Properties 2.2 VDF/HFP/(TFE) Elastomers 2.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers 2.4 TFE/PMVE Elastomers 2.5 TFE/P Elastomers 2.6 E/TFE/PMVE ElastomersPart 2: Fluoroelastomers Technology3. Fluoroelastomers Monomers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) 3.3 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 3.4 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) 3.5 Perfluoro(Methyl Vinyl Ether) (PMVE) 3.6 Olefins: Ethylene and Propylene 3.7 Cure-site Monomers 3.8 Safety Aspects and Monomer Handling4. Production of Fluoroelastomers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General Process Description 4.3 Free Radical Copolymerization 4.4 Emulsion Polymerization 4.5 Suspension Polymerization 4.6 Process Conditions and Polymer Characteristics 4.7 Monomer Recovery 4.8 Isolation 4.9 Process Safety 4.10 Commercial Process Descriptions5. Cure systems for Fluoroelastomers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 VDF/HFP/(TFE) Copolymers: Diamine, Bisphenol, Peroxide 5.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers: Peroxide (Bisphenol) 5.4 Perfluoroelastomers - Various Systems 5.5 TFE/Propylene Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol 5.6 Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol6. Processing of Fluoroelastomers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mixing 6.3 Extrusion 6.4 Molding 6.5 Calendering 6.6 Other Processing MethodsPart 3: Fluoroelastomer Applications 7. Fluid Resistance of VDF-Containing Fluoroelastomers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fluid Resistance Data 7.3 Discussion of Results 7.4 Fluid Service Recommendations8. Fluid and Heat Resistance of Perfluoroelastomers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluid Resistance Data 8.3 Heat Resistance Data 8.4 Resistance to Special Environments 8.5 Major Applications9. Fluid Resistance of TPE-Olefin Fluoroelastomers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fluid Resistance of TFE/Propylene Elastomers 9.3 Fluid Resistance of Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomer10. Fluoroelastomer Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Major End Uses 10.3 Fabrication Methods11. Compounds for O-Rings and Molded Goods 11.1 O-Rings 11.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Compounds 11.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Compounds 11.4 Seal Design Considerations 11.5 Additional Fluoroelastomer Molding Compounds12. Compounds for Auto Fuel Systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Fuel Line Veneer 12.3 Fuel Tank Components 12.4 Fuel Injector Seals 12.5 Development Trends13. Compounds for Auto Power Train Service 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Oil Seal Requirements 13.3 Compounds for Oil Seals 13.4 Compounds for Transmission Seals14. Compounds for Power Plant Service 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Flue Duct Expansion Joints 14.3 High-fluorine Terpolymers15. Other Fluoroelastomer Applications and Processing 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Latex and Coatings 15.3 Thermoplastic Processing 15.4 Fluoroelastomer Caulks 15.5 Processing Aids for Hydrocarbon Plastics16. Fluoroelastomer Safety and Disposal 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Safety in Production 16.3 Safety in Applications 16.4 DisposalAppendix: PDL RatingsGlossaryTrademarksIndex