Fluorescence-Based Biosensors

Contributors

Preface

Introduction

Chapter One. The Chemistry of Small-Molecule Fluorogenic Probes

1 Introduction

2 Fluorescence and Fluorophores

3 Modes of Fluorescence Modulation

4 Coumarins

5 Bodipy Dyes

6 Fluoresceins

7 Rhodamines

8 Phenoxazine Dyes

9 Acridinones

10 Cyanines

11 Other Fluorogenic Scaffolds

12 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter Two. Fluorescent Environment-Sensitive Dyes as Reporters of Biomolecular Interactions

1 Introduction

2 Single-Band Solvatochromic Dyes: Design and Applications

3 Two-Band Solvatochromic Dyes Based on Esipt

4 Applications of Two-Color Dyes for Monitoring Biomolecular Interactions

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter Three. Rational Design of Fluorophores for In Vivo Applications

1 Introduction

2 Cyanine and Related Fluorophores

3 Squaraines

4 Boron Dipyrromethene and Related Fluorophores

5 Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Related Macrocycles

6 Special Types of Fluorophores

7 Conclusion

References

Chapter Four. Fluorescence Technologies for Monitoring Interactions Between Biological Molecules In Vitro

Abbreviations

1 Introduction to Fluorescence

2 Monitoring Protein/Substrate Interactions

3 Monitoring Protein/Protein and Polypeptide Interactions

4 Fluorescence for Protein/Membrane Interactions

5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter Five. From FRET Imaging to Practical Methodology for Kinase Activity Sensing in Living Cells

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Fluorescence Generalities

3 FRET Measurement

4 FRET Measurements: Methods and Instrumentation

5 Data Analysis

6 Design and Optimization of Genetically Encoded KARs

7 Considerations for KAR Measurements

8 Toward Quantitative Approaches in Biological Processes

9 Outlook and Perspective

References

Chapter Six. Fluorescent Sensors of Protein Kinases

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 Genetically Encoded Reporters of Protein Kinases

3 Fluorescent Peptide/Protein Biosensors

4 Applications

5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter Seven. Time-Resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Technologies to Investigate G Protein-Coupled Receptor Machinery

1 Introduction

2 Overview of the TR-FRET Principle and Its Advantages

3 Screening with Generic Methods

4 Screening with Target-Specific Methods

5 Perspectives

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter Eight. Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensors and Their Clinical Applications

1 Introduction

2 Fluorescent Proteins

3 Single-Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensors

4 Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

5 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer

6 Methods for Evaluating FRET Efficiency

7 Clinical Application of FRET

8 Closing Remarks

References

Chapter Nine. Fluorescent Macromolecular Sensors of Enzymatic Activity for In Vivo Imaging

1 Introduction

2 Enzyme Activity and Dysregulation as a Predictor of Disease

3 Fluorescence Detection In Vivo

4 Principles of Enzymatic Activity Sensors Based on Fluorescence Changes

5 Macromolecular Fluorescent Probes

6 Pharmacokinetics of PGC and Imaging of Activation

7 Applications of Macromolecular Fluorescent Sensors in Cancer Imaging

8 Alternative Enzyme-Targeted Strategies in Imaging Cancer

9 Macromolecular Sensors in Fluorescent Imaging of Inflammation and Vascular Disease

10 Conclusions

References

Chapter Ten. Fluorescent Proteins as Visible In Vivo Sensors

1 Introduction

2 Noninvasive Imaging

3 Lighting Up the Tumor Stroma with Fluorescent Proteins

4 Stroma Cells are Required for Cancer Metastasis

5 Fluorescent Tumorgrafts made from Human Cancer Patients

6 Real-Time Imaging of Trafficking Cancer Cells

7 Method of Choice for Whole-Body Imaging

8 Conclusions

References

Index