Fluids In The Earth's Crust

PrefaceAcknowledgementsPermissionsGlossary Units Frequently used symbols Frequently used abbreviations of minerals Chemical symbols and elementsChapter 1 - The Problem: Fluid Motion, Geochemical and Tectonic Processes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What is a fluid? 1.3 Rocks of the surface environment 1.4 Evidence that rocks change position 1.5 The dominant processes involved in burial and uplift 1.5.1 Porosity reduction 1.5.2 Dehydration of minerals 1.5.3 Solid—solid reactions 1.5.4 Recrystallization 1.6 Processes during uplift 1.7 Simple evidence for the motion of fluids 1.8 Mass relations — quantities 1.9 Fluids dissolve and transport solids 1.10 Is flow focussed?Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Natural Fluids 2.1 Introduction — Water 2.2 Observation on chemistry of natural fluids 2.2.1 Waters of the continental surface 2.2.2 Composition of ocean water 2.2.3 Composition of pore water and deep-drill fluids 2.2.4 Composition of metamorphic fluids 2.2.5 Composition of fluid inclusions 2.2.6 Composition of magmatic fluids 2.3 Concluding statementChapter 3 - Volatile Species in Minerals 3.1 Water 3.2 Carbon and carbon dioxide 3.3 Chlorine 3.4 Fluorine 3.5 Sulphur 3.6 Oxygen 3.7 Nitrogen and inert gases 3.8 Concluding statementChapter 4 - Solubility of Minerals and Physical Chemistry of their Solutions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Solubilities in simple binary systems 4.3 Solubilities of naturally abundant gases in H2O 4.4 The H2O—CO2 system 4.5 Other binary gas systems 4.6 Multicomponent gas mixtures as natural fluids 4.7 Solubility of minerals in H2O and natural fluids 4.7.1 The system NaCl—H2O 4.7.2 The system NaCl—H2O—CO2 4.8 Solubilities of carbonates in natural fluids 4.9 Solubilities of other common natural salts — fluorite and sulphates 4.10 Solubilities of silica minerals 4.11 Solubilities of aluminous silicates and feldspars 4.12 Controls on the solubility of rock-forming minerals 4.13 Ionization in aqueous mineral solutions 4.14 Solubilities of metal sulphides 4.15 Solubility in alteration-controlled systems 4.16 Concluding statementChapter 5 - Rates of Metamorphic Reactions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Rates of reaction 5.2.1 Theory of reaction rates 5.3 Rates of mineral dissolution in aqueous fluids 5.3.1 Rates of solution of SiO2 5.3.2 Rates of calcite dissolution 5.3.3 Rates of alkali-feldspar dissolution 5.4 Rates of nucleation and growth 5.4.1 Problems of mineral nucleation 5.4.2 Problems of mineral growth 5.4.3 Nucleation and growth-controlled transformations 5.5 Rates of diffusion 5.5.1 Measurement of diffusion coefficients 5.5.2 Diffusion in aqueous solutions 5.5.3 Diffusion along grain boundaries and through the intergranular film 5.5.4 Diffusion through mineral lattices 5.6 Rates and mechanisms of metamorphic reactions 5.6.1 Rates of solid—solid reactions 5.6.2 Rates of hydration and dehydration reactions 5.7 Metamorphic fluids and rates of reaction — ConclusionsChapter 6 - The Release of Fluids from Rocks during Metamorphism 6.1 Introduction: Metamorphic processes 6.2 Release of chemically-bound water during metamorphism 6.3 Temperatures of natural mineral reactions 6.4 Fluid pressures and rock pressures 6.5 Dehydration at very high pressures 6.6 Dehydration and metamorphic facies 6.7 Mineral facies and progressive metamorphism of mafic rocks 6.8 Fluid release during metamorphism of sediments 6.8.1 Metamorphism of pelitic rocks and fluid release 6.8.2 Metamorphism of carbonate rocks and fluid release 6.9 Concluding statementChapter 7 - Controls of Fluid Composition: Buffer Systems and Melting 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Buffering of H2O and CO2 during rock-dominated metamorphism 7.3 The behaviour of oxygen and hydrogen 7.4 The behaviour of sulphur and sulphate 7.5 The behaviour of halogens 7.6 The behaviour of fluids during partial fusion 7.7 Concluding statementChapter 8 - Experimental Rock Deformation: the Strength of Rocks under Geological Conditions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Apparatus 8.3 Confining pressure 8.4 Temperature 8.5 Strain rates 8.6 Creep tests 8.7 Residual stresses 8.8 Pore fluids 8.8.1 The Law of Effective Stress 8.8.2 Brittle failure 8.9 Equations of state 8.10 Concluding statementChapter 9 - The Quantification of Crustal Conditions, P, T, σ1 - σ3, λ,ε), from Geological Evidence 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Vertical pressure, temperature and depth 9.3 Estimation of depth of burial 9.4 Pore-fluid pressure 9.5 Differential stress 9.6 Strain rates 9.7 Comparison of field and experimental dataChapter 10 - Permeability, Hydraulic Fracture and Elasticity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Permeability 10.3 Hydraulic fracture 10.4 Linear elasticity theoryChapter 11 - Dewatering of the Crust 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Development of fracture systems in undeformed sediments 11.3 An impervious barrier 11.4 Hydrothermal solutions and mineral flats and veins 11.5 Tectonic pumping 11.6 General remarks regarding the defluidisation of deep metamorphic rocksChapter 12 - Diapirs and Diapirism 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Igneous diapirism 12.3 Salt diapirism 12.3.1 Mechanics of diapirism 12.3.2 Flow properties of salt 12.3.3 Trigger mechanism 12.4 Concluding statementChapter 13 - Fluids, Tectonics and Chemical Transport 13.1 Fluids and tectonics 13.2 The dewatering process 13.3 Chemical transport 13.4 Regions of large-scale transport 13.4.1 Ore deposition 13.4.2 The environment of weathering 13.4.3 The ocean ridge 13.4.4 Subduction zones 13.4.5 Subduction magmatism 13.4.6 Shear zones, faults, thrusts, veins, etc. 13.4.7 Magmatic water 13.5 Fluids and earth history — ConclusionReferencesIndex