Fetal, Neonatal and Pediatric Neuroradiology

1st Edition - March 1, 2023

Authors: Stephen Kralik, Nilesh Desai, Avner Meoded, Thierry A. G. M. Huisman

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 6 9 5 - 8

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 6 9 6 - 5

Ideal for exam preparation and everyday clinical practice, Fetal, Neonatal and Pediatric Neuroradiology brings you fully up to date with recent advances in knowledge and image… Read more

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Ideal for exam preparation and everyday clinical practice, Fetal, Neonatal and Pediatric Neuroradiology brings you fully up to date with recent advances in knowledge and image quality in this fast-changing field. World-renowned pediatric neuroradiologist Dr. Thierry A. G. M. Huisman, along with expert coauthors Drs. Stephen Kralik, Nilesh Desai, and Avner Meoded, utilizes an easy-to-read, quick-reference format of bulleted lists and high-quality images to enhance your understanding and help you quickly grasp and retain critical information.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
Part I Normal Development
Chapter 1 Normal Development
INTRODUCTION
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE DEVELOPMENT
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE DEVELOPMENT
IMAGING OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE DEVELOPMENT
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE SULCATION
EXPECTED GESTATIONAL AGE OF MAJOR SULCI ON FETAL MRI
PROGRESSION OF SULCATION: WEEKS 24–29
PROGRESSION OF SULCATION: WEEKS 30–35
NORMAL SULCATION: 19–23 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 24 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 25 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 26 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 27 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 28 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 29 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 30 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 31 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 32 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 33 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 34 WEEKS
NORMAL SULCATION: 35 WEEKS
FETAL BRAIN BIOMETRY
FETAL BRAIN BIOMETRY
SULCATION ON POSTNATAL ULTRASOUND
MYELINATION
MYELINATION: FETAL MRI
NORMAL MYELINATION: NEWBORN
NORMAL MYELINATION: 3 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 4 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 6 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 9 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 12 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 14 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 18 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 24 MONTHS
NORMAL MYELINATION: 36 MONTHS
POSTNATAL HEAD CT DEVELOPMENT
CORPUS CALLOSUM EMBRYOLOGY
CORPUS CALLOSUM DEVELOPMENT
CORPUS CALLOSUM DEVELOPMENT
POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT
POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT
POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT
IMAGING OF POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT
VENTRICLES
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: DIFFUSION IMAGING
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: DIFFUSION IMAGING
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: MR SPECTROSCOPY
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: FUNCTIONAL MRI
CRANIUM AND SKULL BASE DEVELOPMENT
SKULL SUTURE VARIANTS
NORMAL ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA DEVELOPMENT
NORMAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT
NORMAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT
FACE AND NECK EMBRYOLOGY
SPINE EMBRYOLOGY
SPINE EMBRYOLOGY
SPINE OSSIFICATION CENTERS
SPINE OSSIFICATION VARIANTS
MRI OF SPINE DEVELOPMENT
Part II Brain
Chapter 2 Brain Malformations
CORPUS CALLOSUM: DEVELOPMENT
AGENESIS, HYPOGENESIS, AND DYSGENESIS OF THECORPUS CALLOSUM
CORPUS CALLOSUM AGENESIS WITH INTERHEMISPHERIC CYST
CORPUS CALLOSUM LIPOMA
CORPUS CALLOSUM THINNING AND DEFECTS
AICARDI SYNDROME
CORTICAL MALFORMATIONS
MICROCEPHALY
HEMIMEGALENCEPHALY
LISSENCEPHALY AND PACHYGYRIA
GRAY MATTER HETEROTOPIA
GLIONEURONAL HETEROTOPIA
COBBLESTONE MALFORMATIONS
POLYMICROGYRIA
SCHIZENCEPHALY
PORENCEPHALIC CYST
HYDRANENCEPHALY
ZELLWEGER SYNDROME
PI3K-mTOR-AKT DISORDERS
TUBULINOPATHY
OTHER DISORDERS WITH CORTICAL MALFORMATIONS
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY SPECTRUM
ALOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
SEMILOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
LOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
SYNTELENCEPHALY
SEPTO-OPTIC DYSPLASIA
SEPTOPREOPTIC HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
ABSENT SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM: OTHER CAUSES
ENCEPHALOCELES AND CRANIUM ANOMALIES
CONGENITAL MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE
SECONDARY OR ACQUIRED MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE
ATRETIC ENCEPHALOCELE
ANENCEPHALY
EXENCEPHALY
APROSENCEPHALY-ATELENCEPHALY
SINUS PERICRANII
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT ABNORMALITIES
CONGENITAL AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS
AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS: POSTHEMORRHAGIC
AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS: EXTRINSIC COMPRESSION
POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS
CHIARI I MALFORMATION
SECONDARY CHIARI I MALFORMATION
CHIARI II MALFORMATION
CHIARI III MALFORMATION
CHIARI IV MALFORMATION
CYSTIC POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS
POSTERIOR FOSSA CYSTS
DANDY-WALKER MALFORMATION
VERMIAN HYPOPLASIA
BLAKE POUCH CYST
RETROCEREBELLAR ARACHNOID CYST
MEGA CISTERNA MAGNA
JOUBERT SYNDROME
PONTOCEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA
DIENCEPHALIC-MESENCEPHALIC JUNCTION DYSPLASIA
PONTINE TEGMENTAL CAP DYSPLASIA
HORIZONTAL GAZE PALSY AND PROGRESSIVE SCOLIOSIS
RHOMBENCEPHALOSYNAPSIS
CEREBELLAR CLEFT
ECTOPIC CEREBELLAR TISSUE
PITUITARY AND SELLA MALFORMATIONS
ECTOPIC NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
PITUITARY DUPLICATION
PERSISTENT CRANIOPHARYNGEAL CANAL
CYSTS AND FLUID SPACES
ARACHNOID CYST
EPIDERMOID CYST
DERMOID CYST
SUMMARY OF TRISOMIES
TRISOMY 13
TRISOMY 18
TRISOMY 21
Chapter 3 Hypoxic Ischemic Injury and Cerebrovascular Disorders
HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC INJURY
GLOBAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC STROKE AFTER DROWNING OR CARDIAC ARREST
ACUTE STROKE
FOCAL CEREBRAL ARTERIOPATHY OF CHILDHOOD (FCA)
VASCULAR DISSECTION AND ACUTE STROKE
TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME
GERMINAL MATRIX HEMORRHAGE
PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA
ECMO COMPLICATIONS
DURAL SINUS OR VEIN THROMBOSIS
POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME (PRES)
VEIN OF GALEN ANEURSYMAL MALFORMATION
CAVERNOUS ANGIOMA
DEVELOPMENTAL VENOUS ANOMALY
FAMILIAL AND POSTRADIATION CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS (AVMs)
DURAL SINUS MALFORMATION
CONGENITAL DURAL AV FISTULA
INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM
PRIMARY ANGIITIS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PACNS)
Secondary Central Nervous System Vasculitis
MOYAMOYA VASCULOPATHY
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
LOEYS-DIETZ SYNDROME
COL4A1/2 DISORDERS
ACTA2 VASCULOPATHY
TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
Chapter 4 Inherited and Acquired Metabolic Disorders
INTRODUCTION
METABOLIC DISORDERS: NEONATAL ONSET
MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA
ISOLATED SULFITE OXIDASE DEFICIENCY
MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR
UREA CYCLE DISORDERS
METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH REGIONAL WHITE MATTER PATTERNS
ALEXANDER DISEASE
X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
CANAVAN DISEASE
L-2-HYDROXYGLUTARIC ACIDURIA
METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY
KRABBE DISEASE
VANISHING WHITE MATTER DISEASE
MEGALENCEPHALY WITH SUBCORTICAL CYSTS
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH DIFFUSE HYPOMYELINATION
PELIZAEUS-MERZBACHER
HYPOMYELINATION, HYPODONTIA, AND HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM (4H SYNDROME)
SALLA DISEASE
HYPOMYELINATION WITH ATROPHY OF BASAL GANGLIA AND CEREBELLUM (H-ABC)
GM2 GANGLIOSIDOSIS
AICARDI-GOUTIÈRES SYNDROME
COCKAYNE SYNDROME
METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH PREDOMINANT BASAL GANGLIA INVOLVEMENT
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: OVERVIEW
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: MELAS
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: SURF1
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE
PROPIONIC ACIDEMIA
METHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA
ETHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA
WILSON DISEASE
GLUTARIC ACIDURIA TYPE 1
PANTOTHENATE KINASE–ASSOCIATED NEURODEGENERATION (PKAN)
METABOLIC AND GENETIC DISORDERS WITH CEREBELLAR ATROPHY
NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS
CONGENITAL GLYCOSYLATION DISORDER
INFANTILE NEUROAXONAL DYSTROPHY
SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA
GENETIC SYNDROMES WITH CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA
Differential Diagnoses: SPECTROSCOPY PATTERNS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS
CREATINE DEFICIENCY
TOXIC DISORDERS
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS
KERNICTERUS
DRUG TOXICITY: METHOTREXATE
DRUG TOXICITY: VIGABATRIN
WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY
HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME
ILLICIT DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG OVERDOSE
Chapter 5 Infectious Disorders of the Brain
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY: CONGENITAL INFECTIONS “TORCHEZ”
CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION
CONGENITAL ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION
CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
CONGENITAL RUBELLA
CONGENITAL HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION
PARECHOVIRUS
HERPES ENCEPHALITIS (HSV-1)
HERPES ENCEPHALITIS (HSV-2)
HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 (HHV-6)
ENTEROVIRUS
WEST NILE VIRUS
RABIES VIRUS
CHIKUGUNYA ENCEPHALITIS
DENGUE ENCEPHALITIS
ACUTE NECROTIZING ENCEPHALOPATHY
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
ABSCESS
DIRECT INTRACRANIAL SPREAD OF INFECTION
SUBDURAL AND EPIDURAL EMPYEMA
SHUNT INFECTION
UNCOMMON BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
ATYPICAL INFECTIONS
CNS TUBERCULOSIS
CANDIDA
ASPERGILLUS
NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS
AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
INFECTIOUS EOSINOPHILIC MENINGITIS
Chapter 6 Demyelinating and Inflammatory Disorders
INTRODUCTION
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ADEM)
MULTIPHASIC ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ADEM)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
ANTI-MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN (MOG) DEMYELINATION
ANTI-MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN (MOG) DEMYELINATION
ANTI- MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN (MOG) DEMYELINATION
NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA (NMO)
TUMEFACTIVE DEMYELINATION
AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS
ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC LEUKOENCEPHALITIS
CEREBELLITIS
LUPUS
OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE
UNCOMMON INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
Chapter 7 Brain Tumors and Treatment Complications
INTRODUCTION
POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMORS
MEDULLOBLASTOMA
MEDULLOBLASTOMA: MOLECULAR SUBTYPES
MEDULLOBLASTOMA: WNT (WINGLESS)
MEDULLOBLASTOMA: SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH)
MEDULLOBLASTOMA: GROUP 3
MEDULLOBLASTOMA: GROUP 4
PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA
EPENDYMOMA
ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR
EMBRYONAL TUMOR WITH MULTILAYERED ROSETTES
DYSPLASTIC CEREBELLAR GANGLIOCYTOMA
MEDULLARY GLIOMA
DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA (DIFFUSE INTRINSIC PONTINE GLIOMA)
TECTAL GIOMA
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE TUMORS
DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR
GANGLIOGLIOMA
OLIGODENDROGLIOMA
DESMOPLASTIC INFANTILE GANGLIOGLIOMA
RARE LOW-GRADE TUMORS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
PLEIOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA
CNS EMBRYONAL TUMOR
GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME
CONSTITUTIONAL MISMATCH REPAIR DEFICIENCY
SUPRATENTORIAL EPENDYMOMA
SUPRATENTORIAL ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR
SELLA AND SUPRASELLAR TUMORS
OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA, CHIASMATIC/HYPOTHALAMIC GLIOMA
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA
GERMINOMA
PITUITARY ADENOMA
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA
RATHKE CLEFT CYST
PINEAL REGION TUMORS
GERMINOMA
NONGERMINOMATOUS GERM CELL TUMOR
TERATOMA
PINEOBLASTOMA
THALAMIC TUMORS
THALAMIC HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA
INTRAVENTRICULAR TUMORS
CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA AND CARCINOMA
SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL ASTROCYTOMA
COLLOID CYST
MULTIFOCAL CNS TUMORS
SYSTEMIC METASTASES
DIFFUSE LEPTOMENINGEAL GLIONEURONAL TUMOR
JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
SUMMARY OF BRAIN TREATMENT–RELATED COMPLICATIONS
RADIATION MICROHEMORRHAGES AND CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS
RADIATION NECROSIS
RADIATION-INDUCED INTRACRANIAL VASCULOPATHY
RADIATION THERAPY–RELATED WHITE MATTER INJURY
RADIATION THERAPY–RELATED TUMOR
HYPERTROPHIC OLIVARY NUCLEAR DEGENERATION
Chapter 8 Epilepsy
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY: EPILEPTOGENIC LESIONS
FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIAS
FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 1
FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 2
FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 3
BOTTOM OF SULCUS DYSPLASIA
MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS
ACUTE SEIZURE AND STATUS EPILEPTICUS
TRANSIENT SPLENIAL LESION
FEBRILE INFECTION–RELATED EPILEPSY SYNDROME (FIRES)
HEMICONVULSION-HEMIPLEGIA EPILEPSY SYNDROME
RASMUSSEN ENCEPHALITIS
MALIGNANT MIGRATING PARTIAL SEIZURES IN INFANCY
EPILEPSY SURGERY: CORPUS CALLOSOTOMY
EPILEPSY SURGERY: POSTERIOR QUADRANT DISCONNECTION
EPILEPSY SURGERY: HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA ABLATION
EPILEPSY SURGERY: HEMISPHERECTOMY
Chapter 9 Phakomatoses
INTRODUCTION
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME
PHACES
NEUROCUTANEOUS MELANOSIS
BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME
ENCEPHALOCRANIOCUTANEOUS LIPOMATOSIS
OCULOCEREBROCUTANEOUS SYNDROME
PARRY-ROMBERG SYNDROME
OTHER RARE PHAKOMATOSES
Chapter 10 Brain Trauma
INTRODUCTION
SCALP TRAUMA
BIRTH-RELATED SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE
VENOUS SINUS HEMOCONCENTRATION
SUBPIAL HEMORRHAGE
ACCIDENTAL TRAUMA
FRACTURE-RELATED DURAL SINUS COMPRESSION AND THROMBUS
PING PONG FRACTURE
LEPTOMENINGEAL CYST
ACCESSORY SUTURE
PARENCHYMAL CONTUSION
DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY
RETROCLIVAL HEMATOMA
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: COMMON FINDINGS
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: OVERVIEW
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: ISCHEMIA
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: VENOUS INJURY
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: PARENCHYMAL LACERATION
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: SPINAL TRAUMA
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: RETINAL HEMORRHAGE
ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: RARE TRAUMATIC FINDINGS AND NEW TECHNIQUES
Chapter 11 Hydrocephalus and Other Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders
INTRODUCTION
HYDROCEPHALUS
SHUNT MALFUNCTION AND COMPLICATIONS
IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION
BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF SUBARACHNOID SPACES
Part III Neck, Face, Orbit, and Temporal Bone
Chapter 12 Orbital and Craniofacial Malformations
INTRODUCTION
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS: OVERVIEW
METOPIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
SAGITTAL CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
CORONAL CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
LAMBDOID CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
CLOVERLEAF SKULL
APERT SYNDROME
APERT SYNDROME
CROUZON SYNDROME
UNCOMMON CRANIOSYNOSTOSES
BATHROCEPHALY
PIERRE ROBIN SEQUENCE
MICROGNATHIA
HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA
TREACHER COLLINS
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA
MORNING GLORY DISC ANOMALY
PERSISTENT FETAL VASCULATURE
MICROOPHTHALMIA
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
UNCOMMON OCULAR ANOMALIES
RADIOTHERAPY-RELATED HEMIFACIAL ATROPHY
CHOANAL ATRESIA
CHARGE SYNDROME
PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS
Chapter 13 Temporal Bone Malformations
INNER EAR MALFORMATIONS
INCOMPLETE PARTITION ANOMALY TYPE 1 (IP-1)
INCOMPLETE PARTITION ANOMALY TYPE 2
LATERAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL DYSPLASIA
TIMELINE OF INNER EAR MALFORMATIONS
COCHLEAR NERVE HYPOPLASIA
BRANCHIO-OTO-RENAL SYNDROME
X-LINKED DEAFNESS
OVAL WINDOW ATRESIA
OSSICULAR ANOMALIES
ABERRANT INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
PERSISTENT STAPEDIAL ARTERY
EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL ATRESIA
COCHLEAR CLEFT
Chapter 14 Neck, Face, Orbit, and Temporal Bone Masses
APPROACH TO NECK MASSES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A CYSTIC NECK MASS
THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES
FIRST BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY
FIRST BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY
SECOND BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY
THIRD BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY
FOURTH BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY
FOURTH BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY
SUMMARY: BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES
LYMPHATIC MALFORMATION
THYMIC CYST
FOREGUT DUPLICATION CYST
DERMOID CYST
EPIDERMOID CYST
RANULA
PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A VASCULAR NECK MASS
INFANTILE HEMANGIOMA
CONGENITAL HEMANGIOMA
KAPOSIFORM HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
VENOUS MALFORMATION
VENOUS MALFORMATION
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A COMMON SOLID NECK MASS
ECTOPIC THYROID GLAND
NASAL GLIAL HETEROTOPIA
ECTOPIC THYMUS
LYMPHOMA
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
NEUROFIBROMA
MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATHTUMOR
TERATOMA
TERATOMA
INFANTILE MYOFIBROMATOSIS
INFANTILE FIBROSARCOMA
MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOROF INFANCY
FIBROMATOSIS COLLI
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
RETINOBLASTOMA
RETINOBLASTOMA: UNCOMMON PATTERNS
RETINOBLASTOMA: UNCOMMON PATTERNS
RETINOBLASTOMA: COMPLICATIONS
PILOMATRIXOMA
ROSAI DORFMAN
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A BONE-ASSOCIATED MASS
NEUROBLASTOMA
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
GRANULOCYTIC SARCOMA
EWING SARCOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA
FIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS
FIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS
GIANT CELL GRANULOMA
AMELOBLASTOMA
UNCOMMON MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR LESIONS
Chapter 15 Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Head and Neck
LYMPHADENITIS AND SUPPURATIVE LYMPH NODES
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
GRANULOMATOUS INFECTION
KIKUCHI FUJIMOTO DISEASE
PHARYNGOTONSILLITIS AND PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
LEMIERRE SYNDROME
RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS (CROUP)
Epiglottitis
FOREIGN BODY INGESTION
ODONTOGENIC INFECTION
PARANASAL SINUSITIS
SINUSITIS COMPLICATIONS
ALLERGIC FUNGAL SINUSITIS
INVASIVE FUNGAL SINUSITIS
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
Dacryocystitis
ORBITAL PSEUDOTUMOR
UVEITIS
ENDOPHALMITIS
ACUTE PAROTITIS
ACUTE OTITIS EXTERNA
ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA
ACUTE MASTOIDITIS
PETROUS APICITIS
CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA
ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA
CHOLESTEROL GRANULOMA
LABYRINTHITIS OSSIFICANS
CHRONIC RECURRENT MULTIFOCAL OSTEOMYELITIS
JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
Part IV Spine
Chapter 16 Spine Malformations
SPINE MALFORMATION: EMBRYOLOGY AND APPROACH
MYELOMENINGOCELE
MYELOCELE
LIPOMYELOMENINGOCELE
LIPOMYELOMENINGOCELE
LIPOMYELOCELE
MENINGOCELE
MYELOCYSTOCELE
TERMINAL VENTRICLE
TETHERED SPINAL CORD, TIGHT FILUM TERMINALE, AND INTRADURAL LIPOMA
DERMAL SINUS TRACT
DERMAL SINUS TRACT COMPLICATION: SPINAL ABSCESS AND MENINGITIS
EPIDERMOID CYST
DIASTEMATOMYELIA
DIASTEMATOMYELIA
NEURENTERIC CYST
DORSAL ENTERIC FISTULA
CAUDAL REGRESSION SYNDROME
SEGMENTAL SPINAL DYSGENESIS
ARACHNOID CYST
SEGMENTATION/FORMATION ANOMALY
KLIPPEL FEIL
ACHONDROPLASIA
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS
SYRINGOHYDROMYELIA
Chapter 17 Spine Masses
APPROACH TO SPINE MASSES
SPINAL CORD LOW-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA
SPINAL CORD EPENDYMOMA
SPINAL CORD GANGLIOGLIOMA
SPINAL CORD HIGH-GRADE MIDLINE GLIOMA
HEMANGIOBLASTOMA
MYXOPAPILLARY EPENDYMOMA
MENINGIOMA
CSF DROP METASTASES
RARE INTRADURAL TUMORS
SCHWANNOMA
NEUROFIBROMA
INFANTILE HEMANGIOMA
VASCULAR MALFORMATION
NEUROBLASTOMA
SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA
LEUKEMIA
LYMPHOMA
CHORDOMA
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
EWING SARCOMA
OSTEOID OSTEOMA
OSTEOBLASTOMA
ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
Chapter 18 Infection, Inflammatory, Demyelination, and Vascular Disorders
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS
NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA
ANTI-MOG DEMYELINATION
ACUTE FLACCID MYELITIS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
LYME DISEASE
OSTEOMYELITIS, DISCITIS, EPIDURAL ABSCESS/PHLEGMON
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC CALCIFICATION
SPINAL CORD INFARCT
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
HIRAYAMA DISEASE
BONE INFARCTS
Chapter 19 Spine Trauma
CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION CT MEASUREMENTS
NORMAL CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION LIGAMENTS
CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION LIGAMENTOUS INJURY
C2 SYNCHONDROSIS FRACTURE
FACET DISLOCATION
SPINE TRAUMA FROM ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA
ENDPLATE AVULSION
POSTERIOR APOPHYSEAL RING FRACTURE
CHANCE FRACTURE
PSEUDOSUBLUXATION
OS ODONTOIDEUM
SPONDYLOLYSIS
BRACHIAL PLEXUS TRAUMA
Part V Differential Diagnoses, Summaries, and Pitfalls
Chapter 20 Differential Diagnoses, Summaries, and Imaging Pitfalls
FETAL VENTRICULOMEGALY
NEONATAL ENCEPHALOPATHY
HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC INJURY SEVERITY PATTERN ON MRI
HEAD ULTRASOUND FINDINGS
HEAD ULTRASOUND FINDINGS
ABNORMAL CORTEX
ABNORMAL CORTEX
ABNORMAL CORPUS CALLOSUM
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY SPECTRUM
ASYMMERTRIC SIZE OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
INTRACRANIAL CYST
INTRACRANIAL CYST
POSTERIOR FOSSA CYSTS
LOW CEREBELLAR TONSILS
DISORDERS WITH CEREBELLAR DYSPLASIA, HYPOPLASIA, OR ATROPHY
DTI BRAIN MALFORMATIONS
DTI BRAIN MALFORMATIONS
DTI BRAIN MALFORMATIONS
DTI BRAIN MALFORMATIONS
CONGENITAL INFECTIONS “TORCHeZ”
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IMAGING FINDINGS
EPILEPTOGENIC LESIONS
STATUS EPILEPTICUS FINDINGS
PATTERNS OF DYSPLASIAS
ETIOLOGY OF INTRAPARENCHYMAL HEMORRHAGE
ENLARGED EXTRA-AXIAL SPACES
COMMON FINDINGS IN ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA
ARTERIAL ABNORMALITY
STROKE ETIOLOGIES
ASL PERFUSION ABNORMALITY
BASAL GANGLIA ABNORMALITY
COMMON PHAKOMATOSES
POSTERIOR FOSSA INFECTION
METABOLIC DISORDER WHITE MATTER PATTERN
METABOLIC DISORDER
SPECTROSCOPY PATTERNS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS
POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMOR ADC PATTERN
POSTERIOR FOSSA MASS
POSTERIOR FOSSA MASS
SELLAR/SUPRASELLAR MASS
SELLAR/SUPRASELLAR MASS
PINEAL REGION MASS
INTRAVENTRICULAR MASS
LOW-GRADE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE TUMOR
HIGH-GRADE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE TUMOR
TUMOR CYST AND NODULE
GRE/SWI ABNORMALITY
MACROCEPHALY
NORMAL ANATOMIC VARIANTS
CHALLENGING HEAD CT DIAGNOSES
CHALLENGING FETAL MRI DIAGNOSES
CHALLENGING MRI BRAIN DIAGNOSES
BRAIN TUMOR PITFALLS
INNER EAR MALFORMATIONS
HEARING LOSS FINDINGS
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
FACIAL MALFORMATION
CYSTIC NECK MASS
BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES
SOLID NECK MASS
SCALP MASS
NEONATAL NECK MASS
NASOPHARYNGEAL MASS
ORBITAL MASS
BONE-ASSOCIATED MASS
TEMPORAL BONE MASS
VASCULAR NECK MASS
CALCIFIED NECK MASS
FACE AND NECK PITFALLS
SPINAL MALFORMATION
SPINE ULTRASOUND FINDINGS
SPINAL CORD LESIONS
SPINAL CORD AXIAL PATTERN
COMPARISON OF SPINAL CORD DEMYELINATING AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
SPINAL SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
SPINAL BONE LESIONS
SPINE MASSES INVOLVING BONE AND SOFT TISSUE
NECK AND BACK PAIN
SPINE PITFALLS
Chapter 21 Normal Anatomy
LOBAR ANATOMY
CENTRAL SULCUS
FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
INSULA
TEMPORAL LOBE
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
MIDLINE ANATOMY
CENTRAL BRAIN
MESENCEPHALON
PONS
MEDULLA
CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLUM
VERMIS
HEAD VENOGRAPHY
HEAD ARTERIOGRAPHY
WHITE MATTER TRACTS
WHITE MATTER TRACTS
SKULL SUTURES AND OSSIFICATION CENTERS
SKULL BASE
TEMPORAL BONE ANATOMY
TEMPORAL BONE ANATOMY
SINUS ANATOMY
Chapter 22 Imaging Techniques
ULTRASOUND ANATOMY TECHNIQUE: HEAD
ULTRASOUND ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUE: SPINE
HEAD CT TECHNIQUE
MRI TECHNIQUE: ASL
MRI TECHNIQUE: SPECTROSCOPY
MRI TECHNIQUE: DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING
MRI TECHNIQUE: FUNCTIONAL MRI
MRI TECHNIQUE: PROTOCOL TIPS TO ASSIST DIAGNOSIS
Index

Stephen Kralik

Dr. Stephen Kralik is an Associate Professor of Radiology at Baylor College of Medicine. He is a Pediatric Neuroradiologist at the Texas Childrens Hospital in Houston, Texas. He is interested in all clinical areas of pediatric neuroradiology, but particularly in implementation of new imaging techniques to improve diagnoses of neurological disorders including functional MRI, MR perfusion and MR Spectroscopy. His research interests in pediatric neuroradiology include diagnosis of pediatric brain and spine tumors with advanced imaging techniques such as perfusion and diffusion imaging, and understanding the effects of medical therapy on the brain in these patients. He is also interested in research using advanced imaging techniques in neonates and premature infants to improve our understanding of the brain injuries in these patients.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Radiology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

Nilesh Desai

Dr. Nilesh Desai is the Division Chief of Neuroradiology at Texas Children's Hospital and Associate Professor of Radiology at Baylor College of Medicine. He is board-certified by the American Board of Radiology with subspecialty certification in Neuroradiology. He completed fellowships in both Neuroradiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology with Fetal MRI. He performs all aspects of neuroradiology and fetal imaging. His research interests include brain injury in congenital heart disease, non-accidental trauma and sickle cell disease. Honors include being a recipient of the Outstanding Clinician Award from Emory University School of Medicine Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences prior to joining Texas Children's Hospital.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Radiology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

Avner Meoded

Dr. Avner Meoded is an Associate Professor of Radiology at Baylor College of Medicine. He is also a Neuroradiologist at the Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, Texas. His field of research includes pediatric neuroimaging. His clinical and research activity is focused on the application of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to study multiple pediatric neurologic disorders. Some of his projects evaluate how the findings derived from advanced MRI modalities are changing during development e.g. maturation of white matter tracts using diffusion MRI. In addition, he applies quantitative methods to study structural and functional connectivity e.g connectomics, to better understand mechanism of neuroplasticity in children with congenital malformations, stroke and traumatic brain injury.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Radiology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

Thierry A. G. M. Huisman

Thierry A.G.M. Huisman is the current Radiologist-in-Chief and Chair of the Department of Radiology at Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH) in Houston, USA. He also holds the Edward B. Singleton Chair of Radiology. He is a tenured Professor of Radiology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Neurology, Obstetrics and Gynecology at Baylor College of Medicine and holds adjunct Professor Appointments at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Neurosurgery and Pediatrics. Before he joined TCH he served 11 years at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore. He was the Chairman of the Department of Imaging and Imaging Science at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center. In addition he was the Director of the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Director and founder of the Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Co-Director of the Neurointensive Care Nursery (NICN), the Johns Hopkins Fetal Program and the Center for Translational and Molecular Imaging (CTMI). Prior to his tenure at Johns Hopkins he was the Chairman and Radiologist-in-Chief of the Department of Diagnostic Imaging at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich. He graduated cum laude from Medical School at the Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, before completing residencies in Radiology and Pediatrics and fellowships in Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology at the University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Dr. Huisman enjoyed a 2.5 years research sabbatical at the Massachusetts General Hospital NMR center, Harvard Medical School in Boston. His primary field of expertise and research focuses on advanced, quantitative, precision imaging in the field of Neuroradiology. He has given more than 470 national and international invited lectures, published 410 articles and 31 reviews, 67 book chapters, 6 text books, serves on multiple scientific committees of the various radiological societies and has organized multiple national and international meetings in Europe and the USA. He has been one of the founding members of the Swiss Symposium in Pediatric Neuroradiology and the Neurointensive Care Nursery at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Huisman served as a faculty member of the AIRP course in Washington, DC (2013-2019), and is a course advisor for the IDKD course in Davos, Switzerland since 2012. Furthermore he has built several patient and family focused multidisciplinary programs and is actively involved in mentorship programs. He is a reviewer for multiple scientific journals and is an editorial member of 5 journals. He served as president of the American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology (2014/15) and the Eastern Neuroradiological Society (ENRS) (2020/2021), is a Fellow of the International Cancer Imaging Society, Fellow of the American College of Radiology and is an elected President of the International Cancer Imaging Society. Finally, he is a senior editor of the American Journal of Neuroradiology.

Affiliations and expertise

Radiologist-in-Chief and Chair of the Department of Radiology, Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston Texas, USA