Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 2-Volume Set

Diseases of the Fetus and Infant

12th Edition - February 19, 2024
Editors: Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 3 2 6 6 - 0

**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Pediatrics**A must-have reference for both general physicians and advanced practice providers, Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal… Read more

Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 2-Volume Set

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**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Pediatrics**

A must-have reference for both general physicians and advanced practice providers, Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant provides trusted, time-tested guidance on the management and evidence-based treatment of problems in the mother, fetus, and neonate. The fully revised 12th Edition is an ideal resource for every stage of practice and remains the most comprehensive, multidisciplinary text in the field. Drs. Richard J. Martin and Avroy A. Fanaroff from Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital bring you up to date with everything from diagnosis and treatment selection through post-treatment strategies and management of complications—all with a dual focus on neonatology and perinatology, and all designed to help you improve the quality of life and long-term outcomes of your patients.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Volume 1
Part 1. The Field of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine
1. Growth of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine—A Historical Perspective
Perinatal Pioneers
The High-Risk Fetus and Perinatal Obstetrics
Midwives and Perinatal Care
Neonatal Resuscitation: Tales of Heroism and Desperations
Apgar and the Language of Asphyxia
Foundling Asylums and Infant Care
Saving Infants to Man the Army
An Ingenious Contrivance, the Couveuse, and Premature Baby Stations
Incubators, Baby Shows, and Origins of Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Supportive Care and Oxygen Therapy
Ventilatory Care: “Extended Resuscitation”
Supportive Care: Intravenous Fluid and Blood Transfusions
Tools and Supplies for Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Pediatric Surgery: Not for Rabbits Anymore
Global Neonatal Care
Medical Errors and “Patient Safety” as a New Discipline
Controlled Clinical Trials, Evidence-Based Medicine, and Research Networks
Some Recent Advances and New Frontiers for Research
Some Famous High-Risk Infants
Acknowledgments
2. Epidemiology for Neonatologists
Introduction
Common Epidemiologic Concepts
Health Statistics and Data Sources
Birth Data
Fetal Deaths
Infant Deaths
Pregnancy-Related Deaths
Maternal Morbidity
Neonatal Morbidity
3. Big Data for the Smallest Patients—What We Can Learn From Neonatal Database Research
Introduction: Neonatal Database Research
The Scope of Research Using Neonatal Databases
Interpretation of Neonatal Database Studies
Statistical Methods
The Future of Big Data in Neonatology
4. Medical Ethics in Neonatal Care
Introduction
Principles in Medical Ethics
Key Terms and Concepts
Clinical Applications in Specific Moral Problems
Ethical Responsibilities of Neonatal Physicians
Acknowledgment
5. Improving the Quality, Safety, and Equity of Neonatal Intensive Care for Infants and Families
Overview
The Case for Improvement
Brief History of Industrial Quality Improvement
Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks for Quality
Data and Methods for Quality Improvement
Quality and Safety Applied
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
6. Importance of Simulation in Neonatology
Introduction
History of Simulation
Simulation-Based Training in Health Care
Simulation in Low-Resourced Areas
Debriefing
Simulation-Based Research and In Situ Simulation
Acknowledgment
7. Perinatal and Neonatal Care in Developing Countries
Global Initiatives to Reduce Infant Mortality Rate and Neonatal Mortality Rate
Global Burden of Maternal and Neonatal Deaths
Causes of Global Maternal and Neonatal Mortality
Burden of Neonatal Sepsis
Evidence-Based Interventions to Reduce Maternal Mortality Rates, Neonatal Mortality Rates, and Infant Mortality Rates
The Impact of Progress
Strategies to Improve Global Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes
Summary
8. Social and Economic Contributors to Neonatal Outcome in the United States
Epidemiology of Health Disparities in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine
Interventions to Reduce Neonatal Health Outcome Disparities
Part 2. The Fetus
9. Genetic Aspects of Perinatal Disease and Prenatal Diagnosis
Principles of Inheritance
Teratogens
Congenital Anomalies and Ultrasonography
Role of Prenatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Screening Modalities to Identify Genetic Disorders
Noninvasive Screening and Diagnosis: Current Controversies
Screening for Multifactorial Disorders
Diagnostic Modalities
Technical Advances in Molecular Cytogenetics
Future Directions for Prenatal Diagnostic Testing
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Genetic Evaluation and Counseling
10. Perinatal Ultrasound
Ultrasound Equipment
Fetal Imaging Techniques
Bioeffects and Safety
Ethical Considerations
Applications of Ultrasound Studies
Pregnancy Evaluation
Doppler Ultrasound
Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
Fetal Well-Being Assessment
Fetal Anomalies
Ultrasound Examination for Fetal Abnormalities in the Second or Third Trimester
Summary
11. Estimation of Fetal Well-Being
Introduction
Antepartum Fetal Surveillance
Evaluation of the Intrapartum Fetus
12. Surgical Treatment of the Fetus
Summary
Fetal Access
Anesthetic Considerations
Anomalies Amenable to Fetal Surgery
Conclusion
13. Adverse Exposures to the Fetus
Exposures Not Concurrent With Pregnancy
Maternal Exposures Concurrent With Pregnancy
Pathways of Fetal Exposure
Fetal Pharmacokinetics
Specific Exposures
Conclusion
14. Fetal Growth Restriction: A Complex Interplay Between the Intrauterine and Maternal Environment
Summary
Definitions and Terminology
The Health Burden of Fetal Growth Restriction
Classification of Fetal Growth Restriction
Etiology of Fetal Growth Restriction
Pathophysiology
Antenatal Screening and Prenatal Management
Prevention
Postnatal Evaluation of Fetal Growth Restriction
Postnatal Management
Long-Term Consequences of Fetal Growth Restriction
Conclusion
15. Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease Concept
Postnatal Growth and Nutrition
Mismatch Concept
Placental Abnormalities and Association With Adult Disease
Gestational Diabetes and Long-Term Metabolic Effects on Offspring
Developmental Impact of Toxins, Endocrine Disrupters, and Air Pollution (See Also Chapter 13)
Epigenetics
Translation to Neonatology
Part 3. Pregnancy Disorders and Their Impact on the Fetus
16. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Classification of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Epidemiology of Preeclampsia
Clinical Presentation of Preeclampsia
Other Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Prediction
Prevention
17. Pregnancy Complicated by Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Screening and Diagnosis
Antenatal Management
Treatment
Fetal Surveillance
Timing and Mode of Delivery
Intrapartum Management
Postpartum Maternal Management
Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus
Implications for the Neonate
Other Novel Challenges
Breastfeeding in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
18. Obstetric Management of Prematurity
Prematurity
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Predicting Preterm Labor
Prevention
Treatment
Summary
Acknowledgments
19. Fetal Effects of Autoimmune Disease
Placental Transfer: General Remarks
Fetal Thrombocytopenia
Fetal-Neonatal Consequences of Maternal Antinuclear Antibodies
Fetal-Neonatal Consequences of Maternal Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Myasthenia Gravis
Pemphigoid Gestationis
Summary
20. Multiple Gestation: Fetal and Maternal Considerations
Epidemiology
Classification of Twin Pregnancies
Unusual Twinning
First Trimester Assessment of Multiple Gestations (11+0 to 13+6 Weeks Scans)
Congenital Malformations
Complications of Monochorionic Twins
Delivery Considerations
Antenatal Steroids in Twin Pregnancies
Outcome
Key Points
21. Post-Term Pregnancy
Defining Post-Term
Estimated Gestational Age
Incidence of Post-Term Pregnancy
Etiology
Maternal Complications
Neonatal Risks of Post-Term Pregnancy
Long-Term Complications of Post-Term Pregnancy
Management
22. Immune and Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis
Immune Hydrops Fetalis
Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis
Summary
23. Amniotic Fluid Volume
Amniotic Fluid Dynamics
Measurement of Amniotic Fluid Volume
Normal Volume and the Singleton Pregnancy
Twins and Amniotic Fluid
Abnormalities of Amniotic Fluid Volume and Their Management
Management of Fluid Abnormalities in Multifetal Pregnancies
The Future
24. Perinatal Infections and Chorioamnionitis
Definitions and Epidemiology
Microbiology
Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Outcomes
Areas for Future Investigation
25. Placental Pathology
Optimal Use of Pathology Service
Structure, Function, and Pathologic Reaction Patterns
Clinical Correlation
Summary
Part 4. The Delivery Room
26. Anesthesia for Labor and Delivery
Labor Pain Characteristics and Challenges
Techniques That Modify Pain
Obstetric Nerve Blocks
Neuraxial Blocks
Delivery Modes and Anesthetic Techniques
27. Physical Examination of the Healthy Newborn
Routine Examination
Detailed Neurologic Assessment
Interpretation of the Neurologic Examination
Limitations of the Routine Examination
Health Promotion, Screening, and Prevention
Discharge
28. Birth Injuries
Injuries to Soft Tissues
Injuries to the Head
Injuries to the Neck, Shoulder Girdle, and Chest
Injuries to the Spine and Spinal Cord
Injuries to Intra-Abdominal Organs
Injuries to the Extremities
Trauma to the Genitalia
Injuries Related to Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring
Injuries Related to Trauma During Pregnancy
29. Congenital Anomalies
Summary
General Clinical Approach
Epidemiology and Etiology
Evaluation
Diagnostic Testing and Indications
Genetic Counseling
Educational Resources and Support Organizations
Acknowledgments
Part 5. Resuscitation of the Newborn
30. Overview and Initial Management of Delivery Room Resuscitation
Fetus
Transition at Birth
Causes of Depression and Asphyxia
Response to Asphyxia
Preparation for Resuscitation
Apgar Score
Umbilical Cord Blood Gases
Elements of a Resuscitation
31. Role of Positive Pressure Ventilation in Neonatal Resuscitation
Normal Transition and Initial Spontaneous Breathing
Delayed Transition and Need for Respiratory Support
Basics of Positive Pressure Support
Application of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Support
Applying Positive Pressure Support
The First Breaths
Peak Inflation Pressures and Tidal Volumes
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
Inflation Rate and Duration
Gas Flow
32. Oxygen Therapy in Neonatal Resuscitation
Use of Oxygen in Perinatal Asphyxia and Resuscitation
Room Air Versus Pure Oxygen for Resuscitation of the Newborn
Oxygen Supplementation in the Delivery Room in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates
Room Air Versus 100% Oxygen—Or Something Else
33. Chest Compression, Medications, and Special Problems in Neonatal Resuscitation
Importance of Effective Ventilation
Chest Compressions
Medications
When to Discontinue Resuscitation Efforts
Immediate Care After Establishing Adequate Ventilation and Circulation
Special Problems During Resuscitation
Screening for Congenital Defects
34. Role of Umbilical Cord Management in Neonatal Resuscitation
Introduction
Delayed Cord Clamping
Term Infants
Concerns Related to Delayed Cord Clamping
Umbilical Cord Milking
Cord Management Strategies
Part 6. The Physical Environment in Neonatal Care
35. Thermal Environment of the Intensive Care Nursery
Heat Exchange Physics
Thermal Physiology
Temperature Monitoring
Thermal Aspects of the Care Environment
Recommendations for Practice
36. Optimization of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment
Neurobehavioral Maturation
Behavioral/Sleep States and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment
Sensory Functions and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment
Circadian Rhythm and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment
Sensory Functions and Pain
Muscle Tone, Movements, and Reflexes
Sucking and Swallowing
Environmental Support of Growth
Environmental Protection From Infections
Environmental Support of Parent–Infant Interaction
Neurobehavioral Assessment Tools
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Design
Health Care Team Perspectives
Conclusion
Part 7. Provisions for Neonatal Care
37. Neonatal Cardiorespiratory Monitoring
Summary
Hemodynamic Monitoring
Blood Gas Monitoring
Respiratory Monitoring
Future Directions
38. Diagnostic Imaging of the Neonate
Introduction
Digital Radiography, Fluoroscopy, and Computed Tomography
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scintigraphy
Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Chest
Heart
Abdomen
Hepatobiliary Tract
Urinary Tract
Adrenal Glands
Brain
Spine
Skeletal
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
39. Anesthesia in the Neonate
Safety and Challenges of Neonatal Anesthesia
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
Neonatal Physiology and Specific Anesthetic Concerns
40. Care of Periviable Micropreemies: The Japanese Perspective
Introduction
Background
Outcomes
Care for the Improvement of Outcomes Among Preterm Infants
Before Delivery
At Birth
In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
41. The Late Preterm Infant
Definition
Epidemiology and Trends
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Outcomes
Hospitalizations and Rehospitalizations After Discharge
Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Management
42. Nutritional Support for the Preterm Infant
Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Nutrient Requirements
Provision of Nutritional Support
Acknowledgment
43. Support for the Family
Normal Mother-Infant Attachment
Formation of Mother-Infant Attachment
Attachment Challenges With Sick or Premature Infants
Parental Stress
Family Engagement
Parental Mental Health Issues
Discharge Planning
Summary
Acknowledgments
44. Perinatal Palliative Care
What Is Perinatal Palliative Care?
Providing Perinatal Palliative Care
Components of Perinatal Palliative Care
Symptom Management
Anticipatory Guidance for End of Life
What the Future Looks Like
Part 8. Developmental Pharmacology
45. Principles of Drug Use in the Fetus and Neonate
Fetal Drug Disposition
Neonatal Drug Disposition
46. Principles of Drug Use During Lactation
Passage of Exogenous Compounds From Maternal Blood to Milk
Delivery of Compounds to and Disposition by the Infant
Conclusions Concerning Breastfeeding and Maternal Drug Therapy
47. Pharmacokinetics in Neonatal Medicine
Drug Disposition Explains Drug Exposure Over Time: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
Pharmacokinetic Models Describe Concentration of Drug Over Time
Important Factors That Impact Pharmacokinetics
48. Infants of Substance-Using Mothers
Prenatal and Perinatal Considerations
Neonatal Considerations
Marijuana (Cannabinoids)
Opioids
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Part 9. The Immune System
49. Developmental Immunology
Overview of Hematopoiesis
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Passive Immunity
Evaluation of Host Defenses in Neonates
Immunomodulation and Future Directions
50. Postnatal Bacterial Infections
Neonatal Sepsis
Bacterial Infections by Organ System
Specific Pathogens
Acknowledgments
51. Fungal and Protozoal Infections of the Neonate
Definitions
Microbiology
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Prematurity
Incidence
Outcomes
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusions
Antifungal Prophylaxis Summary
Invasive Candida Infection Summary
Aspergillus, Mucormycosis, Malassezia, and Trichosporon Infections in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Other Fungal Infections
Protozoal Infections
Acknowledgment
Chapter 52. Viral Infections in the Neonate
Herpesvirus Family
Paramyxoviruses Family
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses
Hepatitis Viruses
Parvovirus B19
Influenza A and B
Rubella Virus
Coronavirus: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
West Nile Virus
Adenovirus
Human Papillomavirus
Zika Virus
Acknowledgment
Part 10. The Central Nervous System
53. Normal and Abnormal Brain Development
Neural Induction and Neurulation
Neuronal Proliferation
Neuronal Migration and Cortical Lamination
Central Nervous System Organization
Brain Vascular Development
Abnormal Brain Development and Disorders
54. Cerebral White Matter Damage and Encephalopathy of Prematurity
Neuropathology of White Matter Injury
Models of Encephalopathy of Prematurity: Implications for Pathogenesis
Neuroimaging of White Matter Injury
Impairment of Brain Growth and Long-Term Development
55. Intracranial Hemorrhage and Stroke in the Neonate
Summary
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage–Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Perinatal Stroke
56. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Summary
Definitions
Pathophysiology
Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage
Neuropathology
Assessment Tools
Neuroimaging
Chemical Biomarkers
Management
Resuscitation
Systemic Management
Brain-Oriented Management
Specific Neuroprotective Strategies
Prognostic Factors
The Association Between Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Less Severe Neurodisability
Acknowledgment
57. Seizures in Neonates
Pathophysiology of Newborn Seizures—Unique Maturational Features Increasing the Likelihood of Seizures in the Newborn
Biochemical and Physiologic Consequences of Seizures in the Immature Brain—Implications for the Clinician
Classification of Seizures in the Newborn
Seizure Etiology
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Management
58. Hypotonia and Neuromuscular Disease in the Neonate
Diagnosis
Neonatal Neuromuscular Disorders
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
Other Muscular Dystrophies
Congenital Myopathies
Metabolic and Multisystem Disorders
Acknowledgments
59. Disorders in Head Shape and Size
Summary
Examination of the Head
The Neonate
Hydrocephalus
Hydranencephaly
Craniosynostosis
Conclusion
60. Spinal Dysraphisms
Summary
Introduction
Embryology
Pathology
Prenatal Screening and Prevention
Cutaneous Stigmata
Imaging
Overall Management
Surgical Treatment
Conclusion
61. Hearing Loss in the Newborn Infant
Background
Normal/Typical Hearing and Hearing Loss
Tests for Hearing Loss
Early Intervention Services
Etiology of Hearing Loss
Risk Factors
Medical Workup for Hearing Loss and Care Coordination
Middle Ear Disease
Communication Options
Audiologic Devices
Continued Surveillance
Stress and Impact on the Family
62. Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of High-Risk Neonates
Medical Problems
Neurodevelopmental Outcome
Methodologic Considerations in Neurodevelopmental Outcome Studies
School-Age Outcome
Young Adult Outcomes
Children Born at the Threshold of Viability
Early Intervention
Volume 2
Part 11. The Respiratory System
63. Lung Development and Maturation
A Brief History
Lung Structural Development
Fetal Lung Fluid
Other Disorders of Lung Development
Lethal Pulmonary Disorders
Alveolar Macrophages
Surfactant Metabolism
Physiologic Effects of Surfactant in the Preterm Lung
Lung Maturation
64. Assessment of Neonatal Pulmonary Function
Clinical Observations
Cardiorespiratory Assessment
Respiratory Function
Clinical Applications
65. Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Neonate
Incidence
Pathophysiology
Heritability of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Prevention: Pharmacologic Acceleration of Pulmonary Maturation
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Treatment
66. Assisted Ventilation and Its Complications
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Noninvasive Ventilation
Indications for Assisted Ventilation
General Principles of Assisted Ventilation
Classification of Mechanical Ventilators
Suggested Ventilatory Management Guidelines
Monitoring of Ventilated Infants
Complications of Assisted Ventilation
67. Spectrum of Neonatal Respiratory Disorders
Developmental Diseases
Acquired Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure
Rib Cage Abnormalities
Phrenic Nerve Injury
Acknowledgments
68. Apnea, Bradycardia, Hypoxemia, and the Foundation of Respiratory Control
Fetal Breathing
Postnatal Development of Respiratory Control
Neonatal Apnea, Bradycardia, and Hypoxemia
Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Events
69. Upper Airway Lesions in the Neonate
Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Lesions
Oral and Oropharyngeal Lesions
Laryngeal Lesions
Conclusion
70. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in the Neonate
Epidemiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Prediction of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Pulmonary Function
Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Management of Established Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Infant Stimulation
Parental Support
Outcome
71. Postneonatal Respiratory Morbidity
Introduction
Postneonatal Pulmonary Hypertension
Prevalence of the Problem
Reactive Airways Disease in Infants and Children Born Preterm
Neonatal Effects on Long-Term Adult Lung Function
Summary
Part 12. The Cardiovascular System
72. Cardiac Embryology
Introduction
Overview of Normal Heart Development
Scientific Basis of Cardiogenesis
73. Pulmonary Vascular Development
Fetal Pulmonary Vascular Development
Pulmonary Vascular Transition
Vasoactive Mediators of the Pulmonary Vascular Transition
Abnormalities of Pulmonary Vascular Development
Clinical Therapy of Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Outcome and Follow-Up
74. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Overview of Fetal Circulation and Cardiac Adaptation at Birth
Indications for Fetal Echocardiogram
Performance of a Fetal Echocardiogram
Fetal Pathology
Parental Counseling After Fetal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease
Impact of Prenatal Diagnosis
Limitations of Fetal Echocardiograms
Fetal Therapies
Novel Approaches to Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease
Summary
75. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
76. Congenital Defects of the Cardiovascular System
Summary
Cyanotic Heart Defects: Mixing-Dependent
Cyanotic Heart Defects: Restricted Pulmonary Blood Flow
Cyanotic Heart Defects: Complete Mixing
Cyanotic Heart Defects: Variable Physiology
Obstructive Heart Defects
Shunting Lesions
Acknowledgments
77. Unique Neonatal Cardiovascular Problems
Cardiac Malposition and Abnormalities of Abdominal Situs
Arteriovenous Malformations
Myocardial Diseases: Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis
Pericardial Diseases
Cardiac Tumors
Vascular Rings and Slings
Neonatal Marfan Syndrome
The Premature Infant With Congenital Heart Disease
Acknowledgments
78. Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction in Newborns
Normal Sinus Rhythm and Sinus Node Dysfunction
Sinus Arrhythmia
Tachyarrhythmias
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Atrioventricular Conduction Disturbances
79. Neonatal Management of Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction
Miscellaneous Procedures
Medical Management
What the Future Holds
Part 13. The Blood and Hematopoietic System
80. The Hemostatic System
Summary
Neonatal Platelet Disorders
Neonatal Coagulation Disorders
Neonatal Thrombotic Disorders
81. Red Blood Cell Disorders in the Fetus and Neonate
Human Hematopoietic Development
Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cell Disorders
82. White Blood Cells and Immune Disorders
White Blood Cells
Acknowledgments
83. Neoplasms in the Neonate
Infant Cancer
Neuroblastoma
Leukemia
Teratomas and Other Germ Cell Tumors
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Neonatal Brain Tumors
84. Blood Component Therapy for the Neonate
Special Considerations for Transfusion Therapy in the Neonate
Risks of Transfusion Therapy
Donor-Specific Units
Blood Products
Factor Concentrates
Special Topics in Neonatal Transfusion
Future Directions
Part 14. The Gastrointestinal Tract
85. Development of the Neonatal Gastrointestinal Tract
Summary
The Beginning
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum, Pancreas, and Biliary System
Small Intestine
Colon, Rectum, and Anus
Acknowledgments
86. Gastrointestinal Reflux and Motility in the Neonate
Definitions
Physiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Summary
87. Disorders of Digestion in the Neonate
Chronic Diarrhea
Diagnostic Testing for Disorders of Digestion
Disorders of Digestion, Absorption, and Secretion
Intestinal Failure
88. Selected Gastrointestinal Anomalies in the Neonate
Thoracic Anomalies
Esophageal Duplications
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Abdominal Wall Defects
Gastric Volvulus
Microgastria
Gastric Perforation
Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation
Pyloric Atresia
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis
Gastrointestinal Duplications
Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus
Meconium Syndromes
Jejunoileal Atresia and Stenosis
Hirschsprung Disease
Anorectal Anomalies
Acknowledgments
89. Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Introduction
Definition of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Outcomes
Pathophysiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Preventive Strategies
Some Imposters of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Summary
Part 15. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders
90. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Neonate
Placental Transport of Nutrients: Maternal-Fetal Relationship
Fetal Hormones Mediating Growth
Fetal Glucose Metabolism
Glucose Metabolism After Birth—Transitional Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes Mellitus in the Newborn
91. Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Metabolism in the Neonate
Introduction
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Physiology
Hormonal Regulation of Mineral Metabolism
Bone Development
Clinical Conditions Associated With Calcium Disturbances
Clinical Conditions Associated With Magnesium Disturbances
Osteopenia of Prematurity
Acknowledgments
92. Thyroid Disorders in the Neonate
Physiologic Action of Thyroid Hormones
Synthesis, Release, Transport, and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones
Laboratory Tests Used to Assess Thyroid Function
Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Thyroid Imaging
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Defects in TSH or Thyroid Hormone Action
Other Conditions Associated With Congenital Hypothyroidism or Abnormal Thyroid Function Testing in the Neonate
Transient Disorders of Thyroid Function
Neonatal Graves Disease
Familial Abnormalities of Thyroxine-Binding Proteins
93. Disorders of Sex Development
Summary
Fetal Sexual Determination and Differentiation
A Clinical Approach to the Infant With Suspected Disorder of Sex Development
Disorders of Sex Development
Acknowledgments
94. Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Introduction
Common Misconceptions
Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism
The Critically Ill Newborn Infant: Clinical Phenotypes
The Abnormal Newborn Infant: Laboratory Phenotypes
Treatment
Conclusion
Part 16. Neonatal Jaundice and Liver Disease
95. Neonatal Jaundice and Liver Disease
Bilirubin Metabolism
“Conjugated” Versus “Direct” Bilirubin
Equilibrium Between Bilirubin Production and Elimination Processes—The Major Determinant of TB Levels
Genetic Control of Bilirubin Production
Genetic Control of Uptake of Bilirubin into the Hepatocyte
Co-Expression of Genes Modulating the Risk of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic Disorders
Newer Methods of Diagnosis
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Acknowledgments
Part 17. The Kidney and Urinary Tract
96. Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Abdominal Wall Defects
Acid-Base Management
97. The Kidney and Urinary Tract of the Neonate
Kidney and Urinary Tract Development
Evaluation of the Neonate With Kidney Disease
Clinical Problems
Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract
Tumors of the Kidney
Part 18. The Skin
98. The Skin of the Neonate
The Structural Biology of Fetal and Neonatal Skin
Disorders and Diseases of Fetal and Neonatal Skin
Principles of Newborn Skin Care
Part 19. The Eye
99. Examination and Common Problems in the Neonatal Eye
Neonatal Eye Examination
Orbital Abnormalities
Hyperthyroid Exophthalmos
Eyelid Abnormalities
Eyelid Lesions
Eyelash Abnormalities
Lacrimal Abnormalities
Globe Abnormalities
Corneal Abnormalities
Iris Abnormalities
Pupil Abnormalities
Lens Abnormalities
Retina and Vitreous Diseases
Congenital Disc Anomalies
Intraocular Tumors
Neuromuscular Abnormalities
Eye Findings in Chromosomal Syndromes
Eye Findings in Craniofacial Syndromes
Eye Findings in Neurocutaneous Disorders (Phakomatoses)
Ocular Trauma
Neonatal Ocular Infections
Other Ocular Tumors in Infants
Ocular Manifestations of Maternal Substance Abuse
100. Retinopathy of Prematurity
Introduction
Incidence
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Course and Screening
Therapy
Recommendations for Examination Schedule
Acknowledgments
Part 20. Neonatal Orthopedics
101. Musculoskeletal Disorders in Neonates
Overview of Musculoskeletal Chapters
Etiology of Congenital Disorders
Development of Disorders
In Utero Positioning
Trauma
102. Bone and Joint Infections in Neonates
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Acknowledgments
103. Congenital Abnormalities of the Upper and Lower Extremities and Spine
Upper Extremities
Spine
Lower Extremities
Syndromes
Acknowledgments
Appendices
Appendix A. Therapeutic Agents
Appendix B. Tables of Normal Values
Index

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