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Extremozymes and their Industrial Applications

1st Edition - June 15, 2022

Editors: Naveen Kumar Arora, Shekhar Agnihotri, Jitendra Mishra

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 7 4 - 8

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 4 2 3 - 0

Extremophiles belong to members of all three domains of life, i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. However, a high proportion of extremophiles are archaea and bacteria. These… Read more

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Extremophiles belong to members of all three domains of life, i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. However, a high proportion of extremophiles are archaea and bacteria. These microbes live under chemical and physical extremes that are usually lethal to cellular molecules, yet they not only manage to survive but even thrive in such conditions. Extremophiles have important practical and industrial uses. They are a valuable source of industrially important enzymes also known as extremozymes. Recent research has revealed that extremozymes have unique structural features essential for biocatalysis under extreme conditions. Extremozymes have great commercial values and are known for their potential use in biotechnology, biomining, and bioremediation.

Extremozymes and their Industrial Applications highlights the current and topical areas of research in this rapidly growing field of extremophiles and their applications. Expert researchers from around the globe are trying to uncover the underlying mechanisms responsible for their specific adaptations under extreme environments. The topics covered include the ability of acidophiles to maintain a neutral intracellular pH, the way psychrophiles "loosen up" their proteins at low temperatures, and other equally ingenious adaptations and metabolic strategies that extremophiles use to survive and flourish under extreme conditions.

Extremozymes and their Industrial Applications also covers the established biotechnological uses of extremophiles and the most recent and novel applications, including their exploitation for enzyme production. Potential use of extremophiles and their enzymes in the generation of sustainable energy, biomass conversion, agro-waste processing, and biocontrol of phytopathogens is also covered. The book will be very useful for researchers and students working in the area of industrial microbiology and biotechnology, and microbial ecologists. It is also recommended reference text for those interested in the biochemistry and microbiology of extremophiles, as well as for those interested in bioprospecting, biomining, biofuels, and biodegradation.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Chapter 1. Extremozymes and their applications
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Thermozymes
1.3 Recombinant thermozymes
1.4 Thermozymes for biofuel production
1.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2. Enzymes from extremely thermophilic bacteria and archaea: current status and future prospects
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial diversity at high temperatures
2.3 DNA polymerases
2.4 Proteases
2.5 Thermostable amylases from extreme thermophiles
2.6 β-Glucanases
2.7 Hemicellulases
2.8 Surface (S)-layer homology domain glycoside hydrolases
2.9 Xylose isomerases
2.10 Carbon dioxide processing enzymes
2.11 Hydrogenases and hydrogen production
2.12 Genetic tools for extreme thermophiles
2.13 Metabolic engineering
2.14 Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3. Role of thermophilic cellulases and organisms in the conversion of biomass to biofuels
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Increased thermostability of thermophilic enzymes
3.3 Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
3.4 Biomass hydrolysis by thermophilic cellulases
3.5 Role of thermophilic cellulases in relieving product inhibitions
3.6 Fermentation of biomass hydrolysis products
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. Microbial adaptation to extreme temperatures: an overview of molecular mechanisms to industrial application
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microorganisms at extreme temperatures
4.3 Mechanism of microbial adaptation to extreme environments
4.4 Microbial enzymes produced at extreme temperature profile
4.5 Metabolic engineering of extremophiles for industrial applications
4.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 5. Molecular mechanisms behind the cold and hot adaptation in extremozymes
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cold-adapted enzymes
5.3 Hot-adapted enzymes
5.4 Important extremozymes and their molecular adaptations
5.5 Recent developments in molecular adaptation of extremozymes
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Microbial thermostable hydrolases (amylases, lipases, and keratinases) and polymerases: biology and applications
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microbial thermostable amylases
6.3 Microbial thermostable lipases
6.4 Microbial thermostable keratinases
6.5 Microbial thermostable polymerases
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7. Molecular adaptations in proteins and enzymes produced by extremophilic microorganisms
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Extremophiles
7.3 Thermo/hyperthermophiles
7.4 Psychrophiles
7.5 Acidophiles
7.6 Alkaliphiles
7.7 Halophiles
7.8 Peizophiles
7.9 Metalophiles
7.10 Radiophiles
7.11 Xerophiles
7.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Application of extremozymes in the paper and pulp industries
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of the papermaking process
8.3 Future directions and conclusions
References
Chapter 9. Genetic and protein engineering of halophilic enzymes
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transformation methods
9.3 Protein overexpression: heterologous versus homologous
9.4 Gene expression and gene regulation analysis
9.5 Bioengineering pathways
9.6 Future perspectives and conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Halozymes: sources, catalytic mechanisms, and potential applications in industries
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Halophiles
10.3 Enzyme to extremozymes shift
10.4 Halozymes and their adaptations
10.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11. Industrial applications of enzymes from haloarchaea
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General characteristics of enzymes from haloarchaea
11.3 Industrial application of haloarchaeal enzymes
11.4 Feasibility of large scale production and application of haloarchaeal enzymes
11.5 Other potential applications
11.6 Future perspectives and conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Insights into upstreaming and downstreaming processes of microbial extremozymes
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Upstreaming strategies for the fermentative production of microbial extremozymes
12.3 Downstreaming strategies for fermentative production of microbial extremozymes
12.4 Industrial applications of extremozymes
12.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Reverse micellar systems as a versatile tool on halophilic biocatalysts
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Reverse micellar systems
13.3 Halophilic biocatalysts
13.4 Biosurfactants with key role on reverse micellar systems
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interests
References
Chapter 14. Advances in industrial biocatalysis through immobilized extremozymes
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Immobilization systems: an update
14.3 Support matrices or templates for enzyme immobilization
14.4 Industrial applications of immobilized extremozymes
14.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. Biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens in saline soils by halophilic chitinase-producing microbes
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Diversity of halophilic microorganisms
15.3 Chitinase versus halophilic chitinase
15.4 Halophilic chitinase-producing microorganisms
15.5 Fungal phytopathogens in saline agroecosystems
15.6 Halophilic chitinase in biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens
15.7 Chitinolytic activity
15.8 Future prospects
15.9 Conclusion
References
Index

Naveen Kumar Arora

Naveen Kumar Arora, Ph.D. is a renowned researcher in the field of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology. His specific area of research is rhizosphere biology and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). He has more than 80 research papers published in premium international journals. He is the editor of 25 books published by Springer Nature. He is member of several national and international societies, in the editorial board of 4 journals and reviewer of several international journals. He is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Environmental Sustainability published by Springer Nature and Series Editor of book series Microorganisms for Sustainability. He has been an advisor to 11 doctoral students. He has also received awards for excellence in research by the Honourable Governor of Uttar Pradesh, India, Asian PGPR Society, and Samagra Vikas Welfare Society. He is Fellow of International Society for Environmental Botanists and delivered talks as Key Note and Plenary Speaker in conferences around the world. He has collaborations with researchers in various countries including Germany, Uzbekistan, USA, Turkey, etc. Although an academician and researcher by profession, he has a huge obsession for the wildlife and its conservation and has authored a book, Splendid Wilds. He is President of Society for Conservation of Wildlife and is also Secretary of Society for Environmental Sustainability

Affiliations and expertise

FISEB, Professor and Dean, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (a Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Shekhar Agnihotri

Dr. Shekhar Agnihotri Ph.D. (Nanotechnology) is currently working as an Assistant Professor at National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonepat (Haryana) under the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI), Government of India. With a unique blend of science and engineering disciplines, Dr. Shekhar comes with two postgraduate degrees, MS (Biochemistry) and M.Tech (Biochemical Engineering) from IIT-BHU and has worked in a joint collaborative research at IIT Kanpur. Later he completed his PhD in Nanotechnology from IIT Bombay receiving the prestigious IIT-B Excellence Award for Best PhD thesis. Dr. Shekhar is the recipient of DST young scientist award, Indo-Japan Young Fellowship Award, Gold access award (Royal Society of Chemistry, UK), and TIET Best Performer Award. His expertise lies in the area of nano-biotechnology, bioprocess engineering and enzyme technology and has published in high impact factor journals. Dr. Shekhar pursues interests in integrating immobilized enzymes and nano-supports for generating value-added products from agro-waste, novel packaging and smart sensing technologies.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonepat (Haryana) under the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI), Government of India, India

Jitendra Mishra

Jitendra Mishra, Ph.D. (Agricultural Microbiology) has qualified ASRB-NET. He completed his master’s degree in the Environmental Microbiology (with Gold Medal) from Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. He gathered a comprehensive experience in terms of research as well as teaching. He has worked as Assistant Professor (Guest) in the Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. He is also holding the post of Assistant Editor in the journal Environmental Sustainability published by Springer Nature. He has published his research finding in the form of research articles, reviews, book chapters, and opinion in several journals of repute. He has also published an edited book.

Affiliations and expertise

Project Coordinator, Science Technology and Innovation Hub Project, Catalyzed and Supported by DST-SEED Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (a Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India