Essentials of Microbiology for Nurses, 1st Edition
- 1st Edition - July 27, 2016
- Latest edition
- Author: I DR. KANNAN
- Language: English
This book primarily fulfils the content needs of first-year B.Sc. nursing students but also helps the nurses in profession to hone their microbiology knowledge. Containing all th… Read more
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This book primarily fulfils the content needs of first-year B.Sc. nursing students but also helps the nurses in profession to hone their microbiology knowledge. Containing all the vital aspects of infection control practices and the details of various microorganisms suggested by the WHO, it serves as the best content resource for the nurses who need information on infection control.
- Entire microbiology syllabus of the Indian Nursing Council covered.
- All microbiology information needed for the undergraduate nursing students put in a systematic manner.
- Concepts explained in lucid language for easy understanding by nursing students.
- Content presented as bulleted lists for quick grasp of the subject matter.
- Appropriate WHO guidelines and recommendations on infection control included.
- Multicolor photographs, illustrations are used to explain complex microbiology concepts.
SECTION 1 General Microbiology
1 Introduction to Microbiology, 3
Introduction, 3
Five-Kingdom Classifi cation of Living Organisms, 3
Types of Microbes, 3
History of Microbiology, 4
Microbiology and Nurses, 5
2 Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria, 6
Introduction, 6
Typical Features of a Prokaryotic Cell, 6
Microscopy, 6
Staining of Bacteria, 7
Shape and Arrangement of the Bacteria, 8
Bacterial Anatomy, 8
Bacterial Appendages, 12
Bacterial Spores, 13
Bacterial Growth, 13
Bacterial Nutrition, 13
Oxygen Requirement, 14
Temperature Requirements, 14
Bacterial Growth Curve, 14
Synchronous Growth, 14
3 Culture Media, 16
Introduction, 16
Defi nitions, 16
History, 16
Agar, 16
Types of Culture Media, 16
Some Important Bacteriological Culture Media, 17
Anaerobic Culture Media, 19
4 Culture Methods, 20
Introduction, 20
Types of Culture Methods, 20
Anaerobic Culture Methods, 22
5 Laboratory Methods in Identifi cation of
Microorganisms, 25
Introduction, 25
Collection and Transport of Specimen, 25
Transport Medium, 26
Storage of Specimen, 26
Identifi cation of Bacteria, 26
SECTION 2 Infection Control
6 Infection, 35
Introduction, 35
Pathogen, 35
Infection, 35
Mode of Transmission, 36
7 Sterilization and Disinfection, 40
Introduction, 40
Defi nitions, 40
Difference Between Sterilization and Disinfection, 40
Factors that Influence the Degree of Sterilization and
Disinfection, 40
Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection, 41
Physical Methods of Sterilization, 41
Chemical Methods of Sterilization, 45
8 Hospital-Acquired Infection and Its Control, 48
Introduction, 48
Sources of Hospital-Acquired Infections, 48
Factors Influencing Hospital-Acquired Infections, 48
Microorganisms Causing Hospital Infection, 48
Routes of Transmission, 49
Common Hospital-Acquired Infections, 49
Infection Control Committee, 49
Role of Nurses in Prevention and Control of Infections, 50
9 Chemotherapy and Antibiotics, 52
Introduction, 52
Antibiotic, 52
Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics, 52
Drug Resistance, 54
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test, 54
10 Hospital Waste Disposal, 57
Introduction, 57
Universal Precautions, 57
Defi nition of Biomedical Waste (BMW), 57
Types of Biomedical Waste, 57
Categories of Biomedical Waste, 58
Waste Segregation, 58
Treatment and Disposal Technologies for Health Care
Wastes, 58
SECTION 3 Medical Bacteriology
11 Staphylococcus, 63
Introduction, 63
Classifi cation, 63
Staphylococcus aureus,
63Other Staphylococci, 65
12 Streptococcus, 67
Introduction, 67
Classifi cation of Streptococci, 67
Haemolytic Activity, 67
Serological Properties, 67
Biochemical (Physiologic) Properties, 67
Streptococcus pyogenes,
68Virulence Factors of S. pyogenes, 68
Laboratory Diagnosis, 70
Treatment, 71
Other Pathogenic Streptococci, 71
Group B Streptococci: Streptococcus agalactiae, 71
Diseases, 71
Laboratory Diagnosis, 71
Group D Streptococci, 72
Enterococcus
, 72Characteristics of Enterococci, 72
Identifi cation, 72
Diseases, 72
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, 72
Treatment, 72
Viridans Streptococci, 72
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
7213 Neisseria, 76
Introduction, 76
Neisseria meningitidis
(Meningococcus), 76Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(Gonococcus), 7714 Corynebacterium, 80
Introduction, 80
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
8015 Clostridium, 85
Introduction, 85
Clostridium perfringens,
85Clostridium tetani,
87Clostridium botulinum,
89Clostridium diffi cile,
9016 Nonsporing Anaerobic Bacteria, 92
Introduction, 92
Classifi cation of Nonsporing Anaerobic Bacteria, 92
17 Mycobacteria, 94
Introduction, 94
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex,
94Mycobacterium Tuberculosis,
94Mycobacterium Leprae,
9618 Haemophilus, Bordetella and Brucella, 99
Haemophilus,
99Haemophilus influenzae,
99Bordetella,
101Bordetella pertussis,
101Brucella,
10219 Enterobacteriaceae, 104
Introduction, 104
Escherichia coli,
104Shigella,
105Klebsiella pneumoniae,
106Salmonella typhi,
107Proteus,
10820 Vibrios, 110
Introduction, 110
Vibrio cholerae
, 11021 Pseudomonas, 113
Introduction, 113
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
11322 Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and Rickettsia, 115
Mycoplasma,
115Mycoplasma pneumoniae,
115Chlamydia,
116Chlamydia trachomatis,
116Chlamydia pneumoniae,
116Chlamydia psittaci,
116Genus rickettsia, 116
Rickettsia rickettsii,
11723 Spirochaetes, 119
Introduction, 119
Treponema,
119Treponema pallidum,
119Borrelia,
120B. recurrentis
– Relapsing Fever, 121Borrelia vincentii (Treponema vincentii)
– Vincent’sAngina, 121
B. burgdorferi
– Lyme Disease, 121Leptospira,
121Leptospira interrogans,
12124 Actinomycetes, 124
Introduction, 124
Actinomyces
, 124Nocardia
, 12525 Miscellaneous Bacteria, 126
Introduction, 126
Bacillus,
126Bacillus anthracis, 126
Anthracoid Bacilli, 127
Bacillus cereus,
128Helicobacter
, 128SECTION 4 Medical Virology
26 General Properties of Viruses, 133
Introduction, 133
Important Properties of Viruses, 133
Structure of Viruses, 133
Symmetry of Virus, 134
Viral Replication, 134
Epidemiological Aspects of Virus, 134
Types of Viral Infection, 135
Viral Tropism, 135
Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infection, 135
The Baltimore Classifi cation of Viruses, 137
27 DNA-Enveloped Viruses, 138
Introduction, 138
Poxviridae, 138
Herpesviruses, 139
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), 139
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), 140
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 140
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), 141
Human Herpesvirus (HHV6), 141
Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), 141
28 DNA-Nonenveloped Viruses, 143
Introduction, 143
Parvoviruses, 143
Adenoviruses, 143
29 RNA-Enveloped Viruses, 146
Introduction, 146
Orthomyxoviruses, 146
Paramyxoviruses, 147
Rhabdoviruses, 148
30 RNA-Nonenveloped Viruses, 152
Introduction, 152
Picornaviruses, 152
Poliovirus, 152
Rhinoviruses, 153
Caliciviruses, 154
Reovirus, 154
Rotavirus, 154
31 Hepatitis Viruses, 155
Introduction, 155
Hepatitis a Virus – Infectious Hepatitis, 155
Hepatitis B Virus – Serum Hepatitis, 156
Hepatitis C Virus, 158
Hepatitis D Virus, 159
Hepatitis E Virus, 159
Hepatitis G Virus, 159
32 Arboviruses, 161
Introduction, 161
Classifi cation, 161
Chikungunya Virus, 161
Dengue Virus, 161
Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus, 162
33 Tumour Viruses, 164
Introduction, 164
Viral Tumorigenesis, 164
Human Tumour Viruses, 164
34 Slow Viruses and Prions, 167
Introduction, 167
Slow Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses, 167
Slow Diseases Caused by Atypical Agents, 167
35 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus, 169
Introduction, 169
Structure, 169
Routes of Transmission, 169
Pathogenesis, 169
Clinical Features, 169
Laboratory Diagnosis, 170
Treatment, 171
36 Miscellaneous Viruses, 173
Introduction, 173
Astroviruses, 173
BK Virus, 173
Ebola Virus, 173
Hantaviruses, 173
Lassa Fever Virus, 173
Marburg Virus, 174
SECTION 5 Medical Mycology
37 Basic Mycology, 177
Introduction, 177
Morphology, 177
Mycotic Diseases, 177
Mycotic Infections, 178
Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 178
Antifungal Agents, 178
38 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses, 180
Introduction, 180
Types of Cutaneous Mycoses, 180
Other Cutaneous Mycoses, 180
Subcutaneous Mycoses, 182
39 Systemic Mycoses, 184
Introduction, 184
Histoplasmosis, 184
Coccidioidomycosis, 184
Blastomycosis, 184
Paracoccidioidomycosis, 185
40 Opportunistic Mycoses, 186
Introduction, 186
Important Risk Factors, 186
Candidiasis, 186
Cryptococcosis, 186
Aspergillosis, 186
Zygomycetes, 187
SECTION 6 Medical Parasitology
41 Intestinal Protozoa, 191
Introduction, 191
Entamoeba histolytica,
191Giardia lamblia,
192Cryptosporidium,
19342 Blood and Tissue Protozoa, 195
Introduction, 195
Plasmodium
, 195Leishmaniasis
, 197Trypanosomias
, 198African Sleeping Sickness, 198
Chagas Disease, 199
43 Other Minor Protozoan Pathogens, 201
Introduction, 201
Balantidium
, 201Acanthamoeba
and Naegleria, 201Toxoplasma
, 201Trichomonas
, 20244 Helminths: Cestodes, 204
Introduction, 204
Cestodes, 204
Taenia,
204Taenia solium,
204Taenia saginata,
206Diphyllobothrium,
207Echinococcus,
207Hymenolepis nana,
20945 Helminths: Trematodes, 211
Introduction, 211
Schistosoma,
211Clonorchis
, 212Paragonimus westermani,
21346 Helminths: Nematodes, 217
Introduction, 217
Enterobius vermicularis
– the Pinworm, 217Trichuris trichiura
– the Whipworm, 219Ascaris lumbricoides,
221Hookworm, 223
Strongyloides stercoralis
– Thread Worm, 224Trichinella spiralis,
224Filarial Worms, 225
Wuchereria bancrofti
and Brugia malayi, 22547 Laboratory Methods in Identifi cation of Parasites, 229
Introduction, 229
Stool Examination, 229
Blood Examination, 230
Serum and Plasma, 230
Sputum Examination, 230
Vaginal Swabs, 230
Urine Specimens, 230
SECTION 7 Laboratory Diagnosis of Systemic Infections
48 Respiratory Tract Infections, 233
Introduction, 233
Laboratory Diagnosis of Upper Respiratory Tract
Infections, 233
Laboratory Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract
Infections, 234
49 Urinary Tract Infections, 236
Introduction, 236
Aetiology of UTIs, 236
Laboratory Diagnosis, 236
50 Diarrhoeal Infections, 238
Introduction, 238
Aetiology, 238
Laboratory Diagnosis, 238
51 Central Nervous System Infections, 240
Introduction, 240
Encephalitis, 240
Meningitis, 240
52 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, 242
Introduction, 242
Aetiology of SSTIs, 242
Laboratory Diagnosis, 242
53 Infective Endocarditis, 244
Introduction, 244
Predisposing Factors, 244
Aetiology of Infective Endocarditis, 244
Laboratory Diagnosis, 244
54 Pyrexia of Unknown Origin, 246
Introduction, 246
Microbial Aetiology of PUO, 246
Laboratory Diagnosis of PUO, 246
SECTION 8 Immunology
55 Immunity, 251
Introduction, 251
Types of Immunity, 251
56 Antigens and Antibodies, 254
Introduction, 254
Antigens, 254
Types of Antigen, 254
Antigens of Microorganisms, 254
Autoantigens, 254
Tumour Antigens, 255
Characteristics of Antigens, 255
Haptens or Incomplete Antigens, 255
Factors Infl uencing Immunogenicity, 255
Epitopes, 255
Superantigens, 255
Heterophilic Antigens, 255
Sequestered Antigens, 255
Antibody, 255
Structure of Immunoglobulin, 255
Enzymatic Digestion of Immunoglobulin, 256
Immunoglobulin Isotypes: Classes of Antibodies, 256
Functions of Antibodies, 256
57 Antigen–Antibody Reaction, 258
Introduction, 258
Types of Antigen–Antibody Reactions, 258
Precipitation Reactions, 258
Agglutination, 260
Labelled Immunoassay Techniques, 261
58 Serological Tests, 264
Introduction, 264
Important Serological Tests, 264
59 Hypersensitivity Reactions, 268
Introduction, 268
Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity, 268
Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity, 269
Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity, 270
Type IV: Hypersensitivity Reaction, 270
60 Vaccines, 272
Introduction, 272
Types of Vaccines, 272
Live Vaccines, 272
Toxoids, 273
Killed or Inactivated Whole Cell Vaccines, 273
Subunit Vaccines, 273
Conjugate Vaccines, 273
Recombinant DNA-Derived Antigen Vaccines, 273
Synthetic Peptide Vaccines, 273
Anti-Idiotypic Vaccines, 273
Immunization Schedule, 273
Herd Immunity, 273
Vaccine Storage or Cold Chain, 273
Glossary, 276
Index, 279
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: July 27, 2016
- Language: English
IK
I DR. KANNAN
Dr. I Kannan is an Associate Professor and Exam evaluator of Microbiology for Nursing, BDS as well as Medicine at Tagore Medical College, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai. In 25 years of teaching experience including 1 year teaching expecience of Microbiology to Post Graduates in Singapore, he has gained competency of being question paper setter for PG - Microbiology at university level and has been Chairman of Board of studies and Board of Examiner for Microbiology at Madras Christian College.
He has contributed several articles in national and international journals, and has presented several papers and posters in national and international conferences. He also has won PGIBMS best paper award from Indian Association of Biomedical Scientists in the XVI Annual conferences of Indian Association of biomedical scientists, 1993 conducted in Stanley Medical College, Chennai, India. Dr. Kannan has published a book on " Immunology" with M.J.P Publishers, India in 2007.