Essentials of Medical Biochemistry

With Clinical Cases

3rd Edition - July 25, 2022
Authors: Chung Eun Ha, N. V. Bhagavan
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 8 5 4 1 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 4 3 9 - 3

Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Third Edition offers a condensed, yet detailed overview of clinical biochemistry, spanning fundamentals and relevant physiologic and pathophys… Read more

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Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Third Edition offers a condensed, yet detailed overview of clinical biochemistry, spanning fundamentals and relevant physiologic and pathophysiologic concepts. Pivotal clinical case studies aid in understanding basic science in the context of diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, and the text illuminates key topics in molecular immunology and hemostasis.

Users will find fundamental concepts aiding students and professionals in biochemistry, medicine, and other healthcare disciplines. The text is a useful refresher that will help users meet USMLE and other professional licensing examination requirements, providing thorough introductions, key points, multicolored illustrations of chemical structures and figures, fact-filled tables, and recommended reading lists.

This Third Edition has been fully updated to address evolving techniques in the biological sciences, including genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and gene therapy, among other methods. In addition, each chapter has been fully revised for current science and now features learning objectives and chapter summaries, supplemental reading, and 5 clinical case based multiple choice questions. New clinical cases have been added throughout.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Companion Web Site
Copyright
Dedication
List of authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. The human organism—organ systems, cells, organelles, and microbiota
Abstract
1.1 Organ systems: integrated function at the highest level
1.2 Cells: structures and functions
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 2. Water, acid-base, buffers, and homeostatic control systems of body fluids
Abstract
2.1 Properties of water
2.2 Buffers
2.3 H+ concentration and pH
2.4 Water metabolism in the human body
2.5 Homeostatic controls
2.6 Water and osmolality controls
2.7 Electrolyte balance
2.8 Acid–base balance
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 3. Amino acids
Abstract
3.1 L-α-Amino acids: structure
3.2 Classification
3.3 Electrolyte and acid–base properties
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 4. Three-dimensional structure of proteins and disorders of protein misfolding
Abstract
4.1 Covalent and coordinate covalent bonds in protein structure
4.2 Noncovalent interactions in protein structure
4.3 Primary structure
4.4 Secondary structure
4.5 Tertiary structure
4.6 Quaternary structure
4.7 Denaturation
4.8 Conversion of precursor proteins to active proteins by proteolysis
4.9 Protease inhibitors used as therapeutic agents for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infections
4.10 Protein folding and intracellular degradation of misfolded and defective proteins
4.11 Autophagy
4.12 Protein misfolding and fibrillogenic diseases
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 5. Energetics of biological systems, enzymes, and enzyme regulation
Abstract
5.1 Thermodynamics
5.2 Enzymes
5.3 Nomenclature and classification
5.4 Catalysis
5.5 Active site and enzyme–substrate complex
5.6 Michaelis–Menten model for enzyme-catalyzed reactions
5.7 Inhibition
5.8 Irreversible inhibition
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 6. Clinical Applications of Enzymes
Abstract
6.1 Diagnosis and prognosis of disease
6.2 Serum and plasma markers in the diagnosis of tissue damage
6.3 Enzymes as analytical reagents
6.4 Enzymes as therapeutic agents
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 7. Simple carbohydrates
Abstract
7.1 Classification
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 8. Glycoconjugates: glycoproteins and glycolipids
Abstract
8.1 Glycoproteins
8.2 Cell membrane constituents
8.3 Cell surface glycoproteins
8.4 Serum glycoproteins
8.5 Molecular mimicry of oligosaccharides and host susceptibility
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 9. Connective tissue proteins, proteoglycans, and peptidoglycans
Abstract
9.1 Protein fibers
9.2 Turnover of proteoglycans and role of lysosomes
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 10. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption
Abstract
10.1 Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
10.2 Gastrointestinal hormones
10.3 Digestion and absorption of major food substances
10.4 Absorption of water and electrolytes
10.5 Thermic effect of food
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 11. Carbohydrate metabolism I: glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Abstract
11.1 Glycolysis
11.2 Pyruvate metabolism
11.3 Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 12. Electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and reactive oxygen species
Abstract
12.1 Mitochondrial structure and properties
12.2 Oxidative phosphorylation
12.3 The mitochondrial genome
12.4 Nuclear control of respiratory chain expression
12.5 Mitochondrial diseases
12.6 Other reducing-equivalent transport and oxygen-consuming systems
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 13. Carbohydrate metabolism II: gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown, and pentose phosphate pathway
Abstract
13.1 Gluconeogenesis
13.2 Glycogen metabolism
13.3 Alternative pathways of glucose metabolism and hexose interconversions
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 14. Protein and amino acid metabolism
Abstract
14.1 Essential and nonessential amino acids
14.2 Metabolism of ammonia
14.3 Metabolism of some individual amino acids
Key points
References
Multiple choice questions
Chapter 15. Lipids I: fatty acids and eicosanoids
Abstract
15.1 Oxidation of fatty acids
15.2 Other pathways of fatty acid oxidation
15.3 Metabolism of ketone bodies
15.4 Synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids
15.5 Metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids
15.6 Trans-fatty acids
15.7 Essential fatty acids
15.8 Metabolism of eicosanoids
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 16. Lipids II: phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and cholesterol
Abstract
16.1 Phospholipids
16.2 Phospholipids and glycosphingolipids in clinical medicine
16.3 Cholesterol
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 17. Lipids III: plasma lipoproteins
Abstract
17.1 Structure and composition
17.2 Metabolism
17.3 Lipoproteins and coronary heart disease (also known as coronary artery disease)
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 18. Contractile systems
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Muscle systems
18.3 Nonmuscle systems
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 19. Perturbations of energy metabolism: obesity and diabetes mellitus
Abstract
19.1 Energy metabolism
19.2 Obesity
19.3 Diabetes mellitus
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 20. Structure and properties of DNA
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Chromosomes and chromatin
20.3 Recombinant DNA technology
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 21. DNA replication, repair, and mutagenesis
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 General features of DNA replication
21.3 The enzymology of DNA replication
21.4 DNA mutations and DNA repair
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 22. RNA and protein synthesis
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Structure of RNA
22.3 Messenger RNA
22.4 Enzymatic synthesis of RNA
22.5 Prokaryotic transcription
22.6 Transcription in eukaryotes
22.7 Genetic code
22.8 Attachment of amino acid to transfer RNA molecule
22.9 Initiator transfer RNA molecules and selection of initiation codon
22.10 Ribosomes
22.11 Protein synthesis
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 23. Regulation of gene expression
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Regulation of mRNA synthesis
23.3 Gene regulation in prokaryotes
23.4 Gene regulation in eukaryotes
23.5 Mechanisms of gene regulation in eukaryotes
23.6 Transcriptional initiation by transcription factors
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 24. Nucleotide metabolism
Abstract
24.1 One-carbon metabolism
24.2 Formation of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
24.3 Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides
24.4 Conversion of nucleoside monophosphates to diphosphates and triphosphates
24.5 Formation of purine deoxyribonucleotides
24.6 Regulation of purine biosynthesis
24.7 Inhibitors of purine biosynthesis
24.8 Catabolism of purine nucleotides
24.9 Disorders of purine nucleotide metabolism
24.10 Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides
24.11 Coordination of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis
24.12 Catabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides
24.13 Abnormalities of pyrimidine metabolism
Key points
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 25. Hemoglobin and metabolism of iron and heme
Abstract
25.1 Structure of hemoglobins
25.2 Functional aspects of hemoglobin
25.3 Inherited disorders of hemoglobin structure and synthesis
25.4 Derivatives of hemoglobin
25.5 Metabolism of iron and heme
25.6 Iron metabolism
25.7 Heme biosynthesis
25.8 Disorders of heme biosynthesis
25.9 Heme catabolism
Key points
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 26. Endocrine metabolism I: introduction and signal transduction
Abstract
26.1 Hormonal amines
26.2 Peptide, protein, and glycoprotein hormones
26.3 Steroid hormones
26.4 Types of hormone receptors
26.5 Cell surface receptors
Key points
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 27. Endocrine metabolism II: hypothalamus and pituitary
Abstract
27.1 Hypothalamus
27.2 Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 28. Endocrine metabolism III: adrenal glands
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Synthesis of corticosteroids
28.3 Adrenal medulla
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 29. Endocrine metabolism IV: thyroid gland
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Thyroid hormone synthesis
29.3 Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis
29.4 Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones
29.5 Biological actions of thyroid hormones
Key points
References
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 30. Endocrine metabolism V: reproductive system
Abstract
30.1 Sex determination
30.2 Testes
30.3 Female reproductive system
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 31. Immunology
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Components of the immune system
31.3 Communication within the immune response
31.4 The complement system and inflammation
31.5 Antibodies
31.6 B-cell development and antibody diversity
31.7 T-cell development and T-cell receptor diversity
31.8 T-cell activation and differentiation
31.9 The adaptive immune response: specific antibody response
31.10 The adaptive immune response: cell-mediated immune response
Key points
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 32. Biochemistry of hemostasis
Abstract
32.1 The hemostatic response occurs in two phases
32.2 Hemostatic system factors and protein structure/function relationships
32.3 Reactions of the coagulation cascade—the procoagulant subsystem
32.4 Shutting off coagulation—the anticoagulant subsystem
32.5 Clot removal—the fibrinolytic subsystem
32.6 Vitamin K, oral anticoagulants and their mechanisms of action
32.7 Hemostatic system dysfunction—bleeding and thrombosis
32.8 Laboratory assessment of coagulation system functions
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 33. Mineral metabolism
Abstract
33.1 Calcium and phosphorus
33.2 Magnesium
33.3 Essential trace elements
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 34. Vitamin metabolism
Abstract
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Fat-soluble vitamins
34.3 Water-soluble vitamins
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple choice questions
Chapter 35. Drug metabolism
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Pharmacokinetics of drug
35.3 Pharmacodynamics of drugs
Key points
References
Further reading
Multiple choice questions
Index

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