Endocrine Disrupters

Chapter One. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Human Growth and Maturation: A Focus on Early Critical Windows of Exposure

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Challenges in Evidencing Endocrine Disruption

3 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Fetal Growth

4 EDCs and Sexual Differentiation

5 EDCs and Puberty

6 EDCs and Brain Development

7 EDC and Energy Balance

8 Epigenetic Perspective on the Developmental Effects of EDCs

9 Conclusion

References

Chapter Two. Agricultural Pesticides and Precocious Puberty

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Puberty

3 Precocious Puberty

4 The Effects of EDs on Puberty

5 Organochlorine Pesticides and Puberty

6 DDT and DDE

7 Methoxychlor

8 Endosulfans

9 Vinclozolin

10 Acetochlor

11 Conclusion

References

Chapter Three. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Elucidating Our Understanding of Their Role in Sex and Gender-Relevant End Points

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Endocrine Disruption May Underlie Negative Effects of Contaminants

3 Adverse Health Consequences of Lifelong EDC Exposure

4 Signficance of Investigating EDC Effects on Neurodevelopmental Processes

5 Hormones’ Effects to Organize Neural Systems and Behavioral Processes

6 Developmental EDC Exposure Alters Reproductive Development and Behavior

7 Exposure to EDCs in Adulthood Also Effects Reproductive Parameters

8 EDCs in Adulthood Influence Sexually Dimorphic Brain Morphology

9 Do EDCs Influence Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Behaviors?

10 Effects of EDCs on Sexually Dimorphic, Nonreproductive Behaviors

11 Potential Mechanisms by which EDCs May Produce Their Effects

12 Several Factors May Bear upon Estrogenicity of Compounds

13 Effects of EDCs on Uterotropic Activity

14 Importance of Examining EDC Effects on Whole-Animal Estrogenic Measures

15 Effects of EDCs on E₂ Metabolism

16 Androgenic/Antiandrogenic Effects of EDCs

17 Effects of EDCs via Traditional Intracellular Steroid Receptors

18 Other Substrates to Consider for Actions of EDCs

19 Preliminary Studies

20 Organized Reproductive Parameters: Immature Rats

21 Organized and Activated Reproductive Parameters: Peripubertal and Maturation Measures

22 Organized and Activated Reproductive Parameters: Effects in Adults

23 Strategy: EDC Effects on Reproductive Parameters: A Biomarker of Effects

24 Organized and/or Activated Nonreproductive Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors

25 Suggested Experiments Moving Forward

26 Approach: The Importance of Integration of Reproductive and Nonreproductive Measures

27 Approach: Examining Effects of EDC Exposure Throughout Development

28 Suggestions for Future Work Examining Mechanisms of EDCs Effects

29 Logistical Factors for Experimental Control and Power

30 Summary

31 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter Four. Ovarian Toxicity from Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract

1 Ovarian Follicular Development and Its Hormonal Regulation

2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress

3 Hormonal Regulation of and Effects of Depleting or Enhancing Ovarian Antioxidants

4 Oxidative Stress Occurs in the Ovarian Follicles When the Normal Hormonal Support for Follicular Survival is Removed

5 Effects of Exogenous H₂O₂ on Ovarian Follicles and Granulosa Cells

6 Involvement of ROS in Ovarian Toxicity Caused by Chemical Toxicants

7 Involvement of ROS in Ovarian Toxicity Caused by Ionizing Radiation

8 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter Five. Low-Dose Effects of Hormones and Endocrine Disruptors

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 What is Meant by “Low Dose?”

3 Hormones Act at Low Doses

4 The “Rules” of Hormones are Obeyed by EDCs: Implications for Low-Dose Chemical Exposures

5 NTP Panel's Findings on Low-Dose Effects: 2000–2002

6 The NTP Panel's Assessment: Low-Dose Effects of Specific Chemicals

7 Updates to the NTP Panel Report on Low-Dose Effects

8 BPA and the Prostate: A Low-Dose Case Study

9 Additional Low-Dose Findings: Evidence from Laboratory Animals and Human Populations

10 Traditional Toxicology Studies are Not Designed to Detect Low-Dose Effects

11 Low-Dose Effects: Biological Changes are Not Necessarily Adverse

12 Real World EDC Exposures: Mixture Effects

13 Nonmonotonic Dose Responses

14 Conclusions

References

Chapter Six. Contamination from Endocrine Disrupters of the General Population at Low and High Concentrations

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 How to Implement the Indicator? An Example

3 Results of the Implementation of the Indicator

4 Discussion

References

Chapter Seven. Reproductive Toxicities of Methoxychlor Based on Estrogenic Properties of the Compound and Its Estrogenic Metabolite, Hydroxyphenyltrichloroethane

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Estrogenicity of Methoxychlor and Its Active Metabolite, HPTE

3 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicities of Methoxychlor

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter Eight. Epigenetic Effects of Methoxychlor and Vinclozolin on Male Gametes

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Epigenetics

3 Imprinting

4 Environmental Changes Affect Imprinting

5 Imprinting Defects and Male Infertility

6 Endocrine Disruptors and Male Infertility

7 Conclusion and Perspectives

References

Chapter Nine. Nuclear Receptor Profiling of Bisphenol-A and Its Halogenated Analogues

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Estrogen Receptors

3 Estrogen-Related Receptor γ

4 Androgen Receptor

5 Peroxysome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ

6 Thyroid Receptors

7 Pregnane X Receptor

8 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Ten. Long-Lasting Effects of Neonatal Bisphenol A Exposure on the Implantation Process

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Uterine Implantation of the Embryo

3 Endocrine Disruptors and the Developmental Programming Hypothesis

4 Endocrine Disruption and Female Fertility

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Eleven. The Obesogen Tributyltin

Abstract

1 The Obesogen Hypothesis

2 Organotins Environmental Exposure

3 Mechanisms of Cellular Organotin Toxicity

4 Nuclear Hormone Receptors as Organotin Targets

5 TBT and Disrupted Adipose Biology

6 Epigenetic Perturbations in Adipogenesis and Metabolic Set Points

7 Conclusion and Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Twelve. Human Testicular Insulin-Like Factor 3 and Endocrine Disrupters

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 INSL3: Expression and Regulation

3 Functions of INSL3

4 INSL3 and Endocrine Disrupters

5 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter Thirteen. Environmental Pollutants and Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Isomerase

3 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

4 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

5 20α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

6 Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Fourteen. Cadmium Effects on the Thyroid Gland

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Cadmium

3 Structural and Functional Organization of the Thyroid Gland

4 Cadmium and the Thyroid Gland

5 Molecular Mechanism of Cadmium Influence

6 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter Fifteen. A Recombinant PPRE-Driven Luciferase Bioassay for Identification of Potential PPAR Agonists

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Materials

3 Methods

4 Notes

Acknowledgment

References

Index