Encyclopedia in Operations Management

Major Reference Work in Operations Management by Elsevier Outline of topics: Topic 1 - Operations and Productivity  Tentative contents What is Operations Management (OM)? Role of OM in an organization/ Importance of OM in running a firm Role of operations management in organizations What does it mean by supply chain OM Operations for goods and services A process view of OM Heritage of OM The productivity challenge Current challenges in OM Ethics, social Responsibility, and sustainability in OM Topic 2 – Data Analytics in Operations Tentative Contents Data-driven tools for operations management AI in operations management Using data-driven tools to study service operations: -Healthcare operations -Logistics Big data analytics Topic 3 - Project Management Tentative contents Define what are projects/ project management (Definition + steps) Project Planning  - The Project Manager - Work Breakdown Structure Project Scheduling • Gantt chart Project Controlling Project Management Techniques: PERT and CPM - The Framework of PERT and CPM -Network Diagrams and Approaches -Activity-on-Node Example -Activity-on-Arrow Example  Determining the Project Schedule Variability in Activity Times Cost -Time Trade-Offs and Project Crashing, Cost to cash, Minimizing costs A Critique of PERT and CP How is the project environment understood? -the role of stakeholders in the project environment -understanding stakeholders and their motivations -prioritizing and managing stakeholders Assessing and Analysing Risks -Risk-Management Plans  -Statistical Analysis  -Analysing Probabilities  -Near-Critical Paths  -Risk Caused by Changing Topic 4 – Forecasting and Capacity Management Tentative Contents Definition and importance of Forecasting Key Decision on Making Forecasts Forecasting Approaches - Qualitative Methods Forecasting Approaches - Quantitative Methods Associative Forecasting Methods: Regression and Correlation Analysis What is Capacity Management Managing Demand Capacity Planning (Long-term) Constraint Management - Define what is Theory of Constraints (Definition) Constraint Management -Bottleneck Management Monitoring and Controlling Forecasts -Adaptive Smoothing  -Focus Forecasting  Forecasting in the Service Sector  Forecast Error  -Cumulative Sum of Forecast Errors  -Dispersion of Forecast Errors  Mean Absolute Percent Error  Computer Support Judgment Methods Big Data and the Forecasting Process  -Big Data  -A Typical Forecasting Process  How is capacity measured?  -The effect of activity mix on capacity measurement -The effect of time-frame on capacity measurement  -The effect of specification on capacity measurement -Understanding changes in capacity  What is Capacity? -Design and Effective Capacity -Capacity and Strategy  -Capacity Considerations  -Managing Demand -Service-Sector Demand and Capacity Management  How can operations understand the consequences of their capacity management decisions?  -Using cumulative representations to make capacity management decisions  -Using queuing principles to make capacity management decisions -Using a longitudinal perspective to make capacity management decisions Applying the Theory of Constraints to Product Mix Decisions  Managing Constraints in Line Processes Reducing Risk with Incremental Changes Topic 5 – Design of Goods and Services Tentative Contents The stages of service and product design (including concept generation, concept screening, preliminary design, design evaluation and improvement, and prototyping and final design). The innovation process should be appropriately resourced, with consideration given to capacity requirements, outsourcing options, technology needs, organizational structure, and process compression. Technologies such as computer-aided design, virtual reality, AI, and knowledge management can support the innovation process. Building the product development system that has the ability to conceive, design, and produce products that will yield a competitive advantage for the firm. Techniques for developing products and serviced. New Service or Product Development Process Design, Analysis, Development, Full Launch Topic 6 – Managing Quality Tentative Contents Defining quality Total Quality Management Six Sigma Tools of TQM The Role of Inspection  TQM in services Costs of Quality  -Prevention Costs  -Appraisal Costs  -Internal Failure Costs  -External Failure Costs  -Ethical Failure Costs  What steps lead towards conformance to specification?  -Step 1- Define the quality characteristics  -Step 2 -Decide how to measure each characteristic  -Step 3 -Set quality standards -Step 4 - control quality against those standards  -Steps 5 and 6 Find and correct causes of poor quality and continue to make improvements Service quality models Quality theories: Deming’s 14 points, etc. Topic 7 - Process Strategies Tentative Contents Four Process Strategies -Process Focus -Repetitive Focus -Product Focus -Mass Customization Focus -Process Comparison Process Analysis and Design -Flowchart -Time-Function Mapping -Process Charts -Value-Stream Mapping -Service Blueprinting Production Technology -Machine Technology -Automatic Identification Systems (AISs) and RFID -Process Control -Vision Systems -Robots -Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRSs) -Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) -Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) -Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) Process Redesign -What is process design? -Process design and product/service design are interrelated What should be the objectives of process design? - ‘Micro’ process objectives - Standardization of processes -Environmentally sensitive process design How do volume and variety affect process design? -Process types ．project processes ．jobbing processes ．batch processes ．mass processes ．continuous processes ．professional services ．service shops ．mass services Understanding the potential of new process technology How can new process technologies be evaluated? How are new process technologies developed and implemented? Redesigning and Managing Process Improvements -Questioning and Brainstorming -Benchmarking -Implementing Topic 8 - Location Strategies Tentative Contents The Strategic Importance of Location Factors That Affect Location Decisions Methods of Evaluating Location Alternatives  -The Factor-Rating Method  -Locational Cost–Volume Analysis  -Centre-of-Gravity Method  -Transportation Model  Geographic Information Systems  -Using a GIS  -The GIS Method for Locating Multiple Facilities Service Location Strategy Break-Even Analysis for Location Warehouse Strategy in Logistics Networks  -Inventory Placement  -Autonomous Warehouse Operations  A Systematic Location Selection Process Topic 9 – Layout Strategies Tentative Contents The Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions  How can the layout and look of facilities influence performance? - What makes a good layout? Types of Layout What type of layout should an operation choose? What information and analysis are needed to design the layout and look of facilities? Topic 10 - Human Resources, Job Design, and Work Measurement in OM Tentative Contents The importance of human resource strategy in OM Labour planning How can the operations function be organized? (Perspectives on organizations) Job Design  -Labor Specialization  -Job Expansion  -Psychological Components of Job Design  -Self-Directed Teams  -Motivation and Incentive Systems Ergonomics and the Work Environment Methods Analysis The Visual Workplace Labour Standards  -Historical Experience  -Time Studies  -Predetermined Time Standards  -Work Sampling Ethics Topic 11 - Supply Chain Management (This is a hug topic) Tentative Contents The Supply Chain’s Strategic Importance Sourcing Issues: Make-or-Buy and Outsourcing -Make-or-Buy Decisions -Outsourcing Six Sourcing Strategies -Many Suppliers -Few Suppliers -Vertical Integration -Joint Ventures -Keiretsu Networks -Virtual Companies Supply Chain Risk Management -Operational Risks -Financial Risks -Security Risks Managing the Integrated Supply Chain -Issues in Managing the Integrated Supply Chain -Opportunities in Managing the Integrated Supply Chain Building the Supply Base -Supplier Evaluation -Supplier Development -Negotiations -Contracting -Centralized Purchasing -E-Procurement Logistics Management -Shipping Systems -Warehousing -Third-Party Logistics (3PL) Distribution Management Ethical and Sustainable Supply Chain Management -Supply Chain Management Ethics -Establishing Sustainability in Supply Chains Measuring Supply Chain Performance -Assets Committed to Inventory -Benchmarking the Supply Chain -The related models Strategic Options for Supply Chain Design -Efficient Supply Chains -Responsive Supply Chains -Designs for Efficient and Responsive Supply Chains -Autonomous Supply Chains Mass Customization -Competitive Advantages -Supply Chain Design for Mass Customization Supply Chain Disruptions -Causes of Supply Chain Disruptions -Supply Chain Dynamics -Integrated Supply Chains Order Fulfilment Process -Customer Demand Planning -Supply Planning -Production -Logistics -Key Performance Measures for the Order Fulfilment Process Supply Chain Coordination and Contracts Supplier Relationship Process -Sourcing -Design Collaboration -Negotiation -Buying -Vendor-Managed Inventories -Key Performance Measures for the Supplier Relationship Process Disaster Relief Supply Chains -Organizing for Disaster Relief -Managing Disaster Relief Operations Reverse Logistics -Supply Chain Design for Reverse Logistics Use of disruptive technologies (blockchain, IoT, AI, etc.) Topic 12 - Inventory Management Tentative Contents The Importance of Inventory - Types of Inventory Managing Inventory -ABC Analysis  -Cycle Counting Inventory Models for Independent Demand  -The Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model  -Minimizing Costs  -Reorder Points  -Production Order Quantity Model  -Quantity Discount Models Periodic Review System -Single-Period Model -Fixed-period (P) Systems Probabilistic Models and Safety Stock Inventory Reduction Tactics  -Cycle Inventory  -Safety Stock Inventory Continuous Review System  -Selecting the Reorder Point When Demand and Lead Time Are Constant  -Selecting the Reorder Point When Demand Is Variable and Lead Time Is Constant  -Selecting the Reorder Point When Both Demand and Lead Time Are Variable Topic 13 - Aggregate Planning Tentative Contents Sales and Operations Planning The Nature of Aggregate Planning Aggregate Planning Strategies -Capacity Options -Demand Options -Mixing Options to Develop a Plan Methods for Aggregate Planning -Graphical Methods -Mathematical Approaches Aggregate Planning in Services Revenue Management in Aggregate Planning -Uncertainty in supply and demand -Dependent and independent demand -Responding to demand Workforce and Workstation Scheduling -Workforce Scheduling -Job and Facility Scheduling -Sequencing Jobs at a Workstation -Software Support Topic 14 - Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and ERP Tentative Contents MRP Management -MRP Dynamics -MRP Limitations Lot-Sizing Techniques Extensions of MRP -Material Requirements Planning II (MRP II) -Closed-Loop MRP -Capacity Planning MRP in Services -Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) -ERP in the Service Sector What are planning and control systems? -Planning and control systems -How does the system interface with customers? -How does the system interface with suppliers? Hierarchical planning and control -Does the system integrate humans with ‘automated’ decision making? How should planning and control systems be implemented? -The particular challenges of information technology (IT) implementation -implementation critical success factors The MRP netting process -Back-scheduling The bill of materials (BOM) challenges Master Production Scheduling -Developing a Master Production Schedule -Available-to-Promise Quantities -Freezing the MPS -Reconciling the MPS with Sales and Operations Plans Resource Planning for Service Providers -Dependent Demand for Services -Bill of Resources Topic 15 - Short-Term Scheduling Tentative Contents Definitions and Importance of Short-Term Scheduling Scheduling Issues  -Forward and Backward Scheduling  -Finite and Infinite Loading  -Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Process-Focused Facilities  Loading Jobs  Sequencing Jobs  Finite Capacity Scheduling (FCS) Scheduling Services  - Scheduling Service Employees with Cyclical Scheduling  What are planning and control activities in short-term scheduling? Topic 16 – Lean Operations Tentative Contents Definition of Lean operations Lean and Just-in-Time (JIT) -Supplier Partnerships  -Lean Layout  -Lean Inventory  -Lean Scheduling  -Lean Quality -Level schedules -Kanban Lean and the Toyota Production System -Continuous Improvement (Kaizen) -Respect for People  -Processes and Standard Work Practice How does lean eliminate waste? - Value Stream Mapping - Current State Map - Future State Map Lean Organizations -Building a Lean Organization -Lean Sustainability Lean in Services Designing Lean System Layouts -One Worker, Multiple Machines -Group Technology Going lean: Operational Benefits and Implementation Issues Organizational Considerations -Process Considerations -Inventory and Scheduling Topic 17 – Maintenance and Reliability Tentative Contents The Strategic Importance of Maintenance and Reliability Reliability  -System Reliability  -Providing Redundancy Maintenance  -Implementing Preventive Maintenance  -Increasing Repair Capabilities  -Autonomous Maintenance  Total Productive Maintenance Topic 18 – Operations Interfaces Tentative Contents Operations-Finance Interfaces - Cash flows in operations - Risk hedging problems Operations-Marketing Interfaces -Revenue management -Consumer utility-based models -Pricing problems with consumer behaviours (dynamic pricing) -Revenue management -Advertising strategies in operations Operations-Economics Interfaces -Econometric studies Operations-Accounting Interfaces Operations-Technology Interfaces -Use of disruptive technologies for operations -AI driven operations -Human-machine reconcile in operations Topic 19: Revenue Management Tentative contents Dynamic pricing Platform operations and revenue management Total revenue management Yield management Revenue management and data analytics Topic 20: Operations Strategies Tentative contents What is operations strategy? Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Operations - Competing on Differentiation - Competing on Cost - Competing on Response Operations strategy analysis Identifying Gaps Between Competitive Priorities and Capabilities Perspectives of operations strategy reconciled. - the operations strategy matrix - the ‘line of fit’ between market requirements and operations capabilities  - using the importance-performance matrix to determine operations strategy improvement priorities Strategy development and implementation/ How can the process of operations strategy be organized?  - Operations strategy formulation - Operations strategy implementation - Operations strategy monitoring  - Operations strategy control