Elements of Marine Ecology

Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 The Oceans Introduction Extent and Depth of the Oceans Ocean Currents Biological Features of the Marine Environment Elementary Classification of the Marine Environment 2 Marine Plankton Definitions Marine Phytoplankton Marine Zooplankton 3 Measuring and Sampling Oceanographic Data Biological Sampling Underwater Observations 4 Some Parameters of the Environment Temperature Composition of Seawater Specific Gravity and Pressure Viscosity Illumination Currents5 Organic Production in the Sea The Organic Food Cycle Measurements of Organic Production Some Factors Regulating Production Ocean Seasons Some Mathematical Models Geographical Differences of Fertility 6 THE SEA BOTTOM The Substrate Benthic Communities 7 Energetics of a Marine Ecosystem Primary Production The Grazing Chain The Detritus Chain The Energy Balance Sheet Conclusion 8 The Seashore Tides Waves The Evolution of Coastlines Some Problems of Shore Life Food Sources Zonation Fitting the Shore Environment Rocky Shores Sandy Shores Muddy Shores Estuaries Oil Pollution of Beaches 9 Sea Fisheries Fishing Methods The Biology of some Food Fishes The Overfishing Problem Fishery Research The Regulation of Fisheries The Seas in Relation to Human Food Supplies Appendix 1 Topics for Further Study and Class Discussion or Written Work Appendix 2Some Laboratory Exercises Appendix 3Some Field Course Exercises Abundance Scale for Intertidal Organisms A Field Course Book List Index