Electron Optics

Preface to the Second English Edition

Preface to the First English Edition

Part 1. Optics


1. Fundamental Features and Basic Techniques


1.1 The Historical Background


1.2 Outline of a Demonstration in Electron Optics


1.3 The Object


1.4 The Fluorescent Screen


1.5 Photography


1.6 The Optical Bench


2. The Distribution of Potential and Field in Electrostatic Lenses


2.1 Solution of the Laplace Equation


2.2 The Electrolytic Tank


2.3 The Resistance Network


3. The Field Distribution in Magnetic Lenses


3.1 Direct Calculation of the Magnetic Field


3.2 Direct Methods of Measuring the Induction B and Its Gradient


3.3 The Use of Electrical Analogues


4. The Optical Properties of Electrostatic Lenses


4.1 Image Formation


4.2 The Gaussian Approximation


4.3 Optical Formalism


4.4 Relativistic Lenses


4.5 Practical Determination of Electron Trajectories


4.6 Experimental Determination of the Standard Cardinal Elements


5. The Optical Properties of Magnetic Lenses


5.1 The Form of the Trajectories in an Axially Symmetric Field


5.2 The Gaussian Approximation


5.3 Properties of Magnetic Lenses


5.4 Relativistic Lenses


5.5 Methods of Determining the Fundamental Rays


5.6 Calculation of the Trajectories and Optical Elements


6. Similarities and Differences between Glass Optics and Electron Optics


6.1 Electrostatic Lenses


6.2 Magnetic Lenses


6.3 The Refractive Index in Interference Phenomena and the "Wave" Mechanics of the Electron


7. Lens Defects


7.1 The Limits of the Gaussian Approximation


7.2 Third Order Aberrations


7.3 Calculation of the Aberration Coefficients


7.4 Chromatic Aberration


7.5 Mechanical Defects


7.6 Measurement of the Aberration Coefficients, and Their Orders of Magnitude


7.7 Correction of the Aberrations


8. Some Electrostatic Lenses and Triode Guns


8.1 Two Coaxial Cylinders


8.2 Lenses Formed from Three Diaphragms


8.3 "Mesh" or "Grid" Lenses


8.4 The Immersion Objective


8.5 The Triode Electron Gun


9. Magnetic Lens Models


9.1 The Long Solenoid


9.2 Models Representing Short Systems


9.3 The Unshielded Short Coil


9.4 Shielded Coils


9.5 Superconducting Coils


10. Strong Focusing Lenses


10.1 The Strong Focusing Principle


10.2 The Field Distribution


10.3 The First Order Optical Properties


10.4 Combinations of Lenses


10.5 A Chain of N Identical Crossed Quadrupole Lenses


10.6 Applications of Quadrupole Lenses


10.7 The Aberrations of Quadrupole Lenses


10A. Prism Optics


10A.1 Magnetic Prisms


10A.2 Electrostatic Prisms

Table 1. Some Useful Constants

Table 2. Some Useful Formula

Table 3. Fundamental Characteristics of Free Electrons in Motion

Table 4. The Legendre Functions of Fractional Order

Bibliography

Index