Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

1. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Concepts and principles 1-1- Introduction1-2- Electrochemical detection techniques1-3- Surface modification1-3-1- Novel materials/composites1-4- Future trends in electrochemical sensors and biosensors1-5- Conclusion

2. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Commercial applications, manufacturing and marketing

2-1- Introduction2-2- Preliminary market research2-3- Bottlenecks in the development and marketing of electrochemical sensors and biosensors2-4- Future market trends2-5- Successful companies for electrochemical sensors and biosensors research and development2-6- Conclusion

3. Electrochemical biosensors: Immunosensors devices

3-1- The basic principle on immunosensors3-2- Design formats of electrochemical immunosensors 3-3- Applications 3-4- Future trends in the electrochemical immunosensors3-5- Conclusion

4. Electrochemical biosensors: Enzymatic devices

4-1- The basic principle on enzymatic devices4-2- Design formats of electrochemical enzymatic sensors4-3- Inhibition based electrochemical enzymatic sensors4-4- Catalytic electrochemical enzymatic sensors4-5- Applications 4-6- Future trends in the electrochemical enzymatic sensors4-7- Conclusion

5. Electrochemical biosensors: Genosensors and aptasensors5-1- Basic principle of electrochemical genosensors and aptasensors5-2- Design formats of electrochemical genosensors and their application5-3- Applications of genosensors5-3- Design formats of electrochemical aptasensors 5-3-Applications of aptasensors 5-4- Future trends in the electrochemical genosensors and aptasensors5-5- Conclusion

6. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Biomimetic receptors6-1- Introduction6-2- Electrochemical receptors6-3- Concept of biomimetic receptors6-4- Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)6-5- Biomimetic membrane6-6- Nanostructured materials6-7- Artificial receptors based on the polymer with enzymatic properties 6-8- Artificial receptors based on inorganic complexes6-9- Design of biomimetic receptors by computational methods 6-10- Conclusion

7. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for Intra- and extracellular sensing7-1- Introduction7-2- Electrochemical intracellular sensing7-3- Detection of secreted vesicles, chemicals and proteins7-4- Application7-5- Conclusion

8. Nanoenzyme-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors8-1- Classification of nanozymes 8-2- Electrochemical sensors based on nanozymes 8-3- Labeling detection in nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors 8-4- Conclusion

9. Energy-Based Electrochemical sensors and biosensors9-1- Introduction9-2- Hydrogen evolution-based electrochemical detection9-2-1- Principles9-2-2 -Mechanism9-2-3 - Application9-3- Oxygen reduction-based electrochemical detection9-3-1- Principles9-3-2- Mechanism9-3-3- Application9-4- Water splitting-Based Electrochemical Detection9-4-1- Principles9-4-2- Mechanism9-4-3- Application9-5- Conclusion

10. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Food and Environmental applications10-1- Introduction10-2- Components of sensing platforms10-3- Modification techniques10-4- Electrochemical detection strategies10-5- Applications10-5-1- Food toxins10-5-2- Antibiotic residues10-5-3- Pesticide detection10-5-4- Heavy metals10-6- Conclusion

11. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Wearable devices

11-1- Introduction11-2- Construction strategies11-2-1- Screen printing11-2-2- Inkjet printing11-2-3- 3D printing11-2-4- Lithographic methods11-3- mechanism of sensors11-4- Type of electrochemical wearable sensor11-4-1- Saliva based sensors11-4-2- Tear based sensors11-4-3- Sweat based sensors11-5- Applications11-6- Conclusion

12. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Paper-based devices

12-1- Introduction12-2- Type of papers12-3- Fabrication techniques12-3-1- Fabrication based on the structure12-3-2- Fabrication based on dimensions12-3-3- Fabrication based on sample injection12-4- Sensing approaches12-5- Applications12-6- Conclusion

13. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Electronic sniffers

13-1- Introductions13-2- Metabolites and volatile compounds13-3- Sniffer definition13-4- Trends in the development of sniffers13-5- Electrochemical sniffers13-5-1- Type of substrate13-5-2- Type of receptors13-5-3-Type of outputs13-5-4-Type of signal processing13-6- Sampling and injections13-7-Applications13-8- Comparison between different types of sniffers (based on transducers)13-9- Further perspectives

14. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Statistics and data processing

14-1- Introduction14-2- Concept of simple statistics14-3- Principle of bio statistics14-4- Method of data collections14-5- Data preprocessing14-6- Univariate and multivariate analysis14-7- Statistics in qualitative analysis14-7-1- Unsupervised methods14-7-2- Supervised methods14-8- Statistics in quantitative analysis14-8-1- Linear regression methods14-8-2- None linear regression methods14-9- Variable selection14-9-1- Classical methods14-9-2- Artificial intelligent algorithms 14-10-Errors and validation methods14-11- Conclusion and further proposals

15. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Electrochemiluminescence devices

15-1- Introduction15-2- Fundamental15-3- Organic ECL luminophores15-4- Inorganic ECL luminophores15-5- Ratiometric ECL15-5-1 - Potential-resolved ratiometric ECL15-5-2- Spectrum-resolved ratiometric ECL15-5-3- Spatial-resolved ratiometric ECL15-5-4- ECL multiplex immunoassay (MIA)15.5.5 ECL imaging for immunoassay 15.6 Application of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Cameras in Electrochemiluminescence15.6.1 Working principles of the CCD camera15.6.2 Applications of ECL systems for bioanalysis using a CCD camera as the photodetector15.6.3 Detection of molecules in cells and real samples15.6.4 Applications in point-of-care measurements15-7- Bio-microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) in Electrochemiluminescence Detection Strategies 15-7-1- Introduction 15-7-2 - Advantages of BioMEMS 15-7-3- First Attempts in Design and Fabrication of BioMEMS 15-7-4- General Applications of BioMEMS 15-7-5- Electrochemiluminescence Detection Strategy based on the paper BioMEMS15-7-6- Alternative BioMEMS for Electrochemiluminescence Detection15-8- Conclusion and Perspectives

16. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Bipolar devices

16-1- Introduction16-2- Fundamentals of Bipolar Electrochemistry16-3- Configuration of Bipolar Electrochemistry16-3-1 - Open and Closed BPEs16-3-2 - Split and Continuous BPEs16-4- Application of Bipolar Electrochemistry16-4-1- Bipolar Electrochemistry in Materials Science16-4-2- Bipolar Electrochemistry for Generating Motion16-4-3- Electrocatalyst Screening based on the Bipolar Electrochemistry16-4-4- Sensing applications based on the Bipolar Electrochemistry16-5- Conclusion and Perspectives

17. Self-power-based Electrochemical Detection

17-1- Introduction17-2- Self-Powered Electrochemical System17-3- Applications of Self-Powered Electrochemical System17-3-1- Pollutant Treatment17-3-2- Self-Powered Electrochemical Synthesis System 17-3-3- Self-Powered Electrochemical Sensor System17-3-4- Self-Powered Electrochromic System17-4- Conclusion and Perspectives