Electrical Stimulation Research Techniques

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1 Extracellular Stimulation

I. Introduction

II. Basic Principles—The DC Case

III. Other Basic Principles

IV. Other Facts

Appendix I: Current Flow

Appendix II: Current Flow in the Brain

References

Chapter 2 Intracellular Stimulation

I. Introduction

II. Intracellular Stimulating and Recording with Separate Electrodes

III. A Simple Circuit for Intracellular Stimulation with Two Electrodes

IV. Intracellular Stimulation and Recording with a Single Electrode

V. Current-Monitoring Techniques

VI. Summary

References

Chapter 3 Microstimulation Technique

I. Introduction

II. Electrode

III. Stimulating Current

IV. Single versus Repetitive Stimulation

V. Stimulus Artifact

VI. Identification of Electrode Tracks

VII. Electrode Insertion

References

Chapter 4 Stimulation of the Brain via Metallic Electrodes

I. Introduction

II. The Metal-Tissue Interface

III. Preparatory Techniques

IV. Summary

Appendix: A Simple, Accurate, and Optoelectricaily Isolated Constant Current Stimulator

References

Chapter 5 Depth Stimulation of the Brain

I. Electrodes and Polarization

II. Physical Aspects of Brain Stimulation

III. Biological Aspects of Brain Stimulation

IV. Possibilities and Limitations of Brain Stimulation

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 6 Subcortical Stimulation for Motivation and Reinforcement

I. Introduction

II. Electrodes

III. Connecting Cable and Slip Rings

IV. Atlases and Implantation Coordinates

V. Forms of Stimulation

VI. Stimulators

VII. Monitoring

VIII. Mode of Excitation

IX. Determining the Locus of the Electrode Tip

X. Determining Which Neural Systems are Excited

XI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 7 Electrical Stimulation as a Tool in Memory Research

I. Introduction

II. EBS as a Tool for the Study of Memory

III. Electrical Stimulation Parameters

IV. Research Strategies with EBS

References

Chapter 8 Brain Stimulation Effects Related to Those of Lesions

I. Introduction

II. The Effect of Electrode Implantation

III. The Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Tissue

IV. Behavioral Consequences of Punctures, Electrode Implantation, and Stimulation

V. Summary

References

Chapter 9 Electroconvulsive Therapy—Who Needs It?

I. Introduction

II. A Brief History of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

III. Does ECT Work?

IV. Do the Positive Benefits Outweigh the Adverse Effects?

V. The Heuristic Contributions of ECT Research

VI. The Future of Electroconvulsive Therapy

References

Chapter 10 Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerve

I. Introduction

II. General Principles of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

III. Electrodes

IV. Stimulus Intensity

V. Selective Activation

VI. Concluding Comments

References

Chapter 11 Grid and Peripheral Shock Stimulation

I. Introduction

II. Apparatus for Delivering the Shock to the Subject

III. Additional Equipment Required for Grid-Floor Shock

IV. Electrical Properties of the Animal

V. Classification of Shock Sources by General Properties

VI. Practical AC Source Designs

VII. Sources that Minimize the Variability of Grid-Floor Shock

VIII. Translating between Different Sources and Situations: Equal Aversion Functions

IX. The Usable Range of Aversive Shock Intensities

X. An Outline of Basic Techniques for the Measurement and Control of Electric Shock Motivation

References

Index