Domino Effects in the Process Industries

Preface

List of Contributors

1. Historical Background and State of the Art on Domino Effect Assessment

1.1 Historical Background and Importance of Research on Domino Effects

1.2 Safety and Security: Both Important for the Prevention of Domino Effects

1.3 Domino Effects and Chemical Industrial Areas

1.4 Contents of the Book

References

Part I: Causes of Domino Effects

2. Analysis of Past Accidents and Relevant Case-Histories

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Analysis of Past Accidents

2.3 Domino Effect Surveys

2.4 Significance of Domino Effect in the Frame of all Accidents

2.5 Characteristics of Accidents Involving Domino Effect

2.6 Relevant Case Histories

2.7 The Analysis of Past Accidents, a Useful Resource

References

3. Features of Escalation Scenarios

3.1 Elements of a Domino Accident

3.2 Escalation as a Fundamental Feature of Relevant Domino Accidents

3.3 Sources of Domino Accidents and Primary Scenarios

3.4 Identification and Relative Ranking of Domino Targets and Secondary Scenarios

3.5 Domino Accident Definition

3.6 Categorization of Domino Accidents

3.7 Conclusions

References

4. Overpressure Effects

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Overview of the Basics

4.3 Nonlinear Dynamic Response Analysis

4.4 Domino Effects: Simplified Analysis

4.5 Response Regimes

4.6 Conclusions

References

5. Heat Radiation Effects

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Mechanisms of Escalation Triggered by Fire

5.3 Escalation Potential of Fire Scenarios

5.4 Modeling the Behavior of Equipment Exposed to Fire

5.5 Prevention of Escalation Caused by Fire

5.6 Conclusions

References

6. Missile Projection Effects

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Escalation Caused by Fragments

6.3 Identification and Characterization of Fragment Sources

6.4 Assessment of Fragment Characteristics

6.5 Calculation of Impact Probability

6.6 Calculation of Damage Probability

6.7 Conclusions

References

7. Other Causes of Escalation

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Indirect Causes of Escalation

7.3 Natural Events

7.4 Intentional Interferences

7.5 Conclusions

References

Part II: Prevention of Domino Effects from a Technological Perspective

8. Approaches to Domino Effect Prevention and Mitigation

8.1 Approach to Domino Effect Assessment

8.2 Preliminary Analysis of Domino Hazard

8.3 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Domino Scenarios

8.4 Distributed Parameter Models for Worst-Case or Worst-Credible Accident Analysis

8.5 Conclusions

References

9. Threshold-Based Approach

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Escalation Vectors and Equipment Damage Mechanisms

9.3 Damage State and Loss Intensity Criteria

9.4 Damage and Escalation Thresholds

9.5 Conclusions

References

10. Quantitative Assessment of Risk Caused by Domino Accidents

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Domino Accidents

10.3 Domino Scenarios and Escalation Frequencies by Bayesian Analysis

10.4 Other Approaches to the Quantitative Assessment of Domino Effect

10.5 Conclusions

References

11. Detailed Studies of Domino Scenarios

11.1 Introduction

11.2 CFD Codes for the Simulation of Accident Scenarios

11.3 Application of Finite Element Models to Assess Escalation Triggered by Fire

11.4 CFD and FEM for the Assessment of Escalation Triggered by Blast Waves

11.5 Conclusions

References

Part III: Prevention of Domino Effects from a Managerial Perspective

12. Managing Domino Effects from a Design-Based Viewpoint

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Safety Distances for Escalation: Application to Layout Definition

12.3 The Role of Safety Barriers

12.4 Advanced Methods for Layout Definition

12.5 Conclusions

References

13. Managing Domino Effects in a Chemical Industrial Area

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Managing Internal Domino Effects

13.3 Managing External Domino Effects

13.4 Conclusions

References

14. Decision Support Systems for Preventing Domino Effects

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Decision Support System

14.3 DSS Application to the Prevention of Domino Effect

14.4 Overview

14.5 Perspectives in the Development and Application of DSS for Domino Assessment

14.6 Conclusions

References

Conclusions

Nomenclature

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Tutorial for Tools for the Quantitative Assessment of Domino Effect Presented in Part II

1 Introduction

2 Application of the Methodology

3 Results of the Case Studies

4 Conclusions

References

Tutorial for the Main Methodologies in Part III

1 Managing Internal Domino Effects

2 Managing External Domino Effects

Glossary

Index