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Digital Video and HD
Algorithms and Interfaces
2nd Edition - January 24, 2012
Author: Charles Poynton
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 1 9 2 6 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 1 9 3 2 - 8
Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces provides a one-stop shop for the theory and engineering of digital video systems. Equally accessible to video engineers and those… Read more
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Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces provides a one-stop shop for the theory and engineering of digital video systems. Equally accessible to video engineers and those working in computer graphics, Charles Poynton’s revision to his classic text covers emergent compression systems, including H.264 and VP8/WebM, and augments detailed information on JPEG, DVC, and MPEG-2 systems. This edition also introduces the technical aspects of file-based workflows and outlines the emerging domain of metadata, placing it in the context of digital video processing.
- Basic concepts of digitization, sampling, quantization, gamma, and filtering
- Principles of color science as applied to image capture and display
- Scanning and coding of SDTV and HDTV
- Video color coding: luma, chroma (4:2:2 component video, 4fSC composite video)
- Analog NTSC and PAL
- Studio systems and interfaces
- Compression technology, including M-JPEG and MPEG-2
- Broadcast standards and consumer video equipment
Engineers, programmers, and computer graphics professionals who work in fields (such as film and software and game design) that encompasses video for entertainment as well as non-broadcast, non-entertainment applications in business, science, and education, including teleconferencing, Web-based training, sales and marketing presentations, and exploration
Dedication
Figures
Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Book
PART 1
1. Raster images
Aspect ratio
Geometry
Image capture
Digitization
Perceptual uniformity
Colour
Luma and colour difference components
Digital image representation
SD and HD
Square sampling
Comparison of aspect ratios
Aspect ratio
Frame rates
2. Image acquisition and presentation
Image state
EOCF standards
Entertainment programming
Acquisition
Consumer origination
Consumer electronics (CE) display
3. Linear-light and perceptual uniformity
Contrast
Contrast ratio
Perceptual uniformity
The “code 100” problem and nonlinear image coding
Linear and nonlinear
4. Quantization
Linearity
Decibels
Noise, signal, sensitivity
Quantization error
Full-swing
Studio-swing (footroom and headroom)
Interface offset
Processing coding
Two’s complement wrap-around
5. Contrast, brightness, , and
Perceptual attributes
History of display signal processing
Digital driving levels
Relationship between signal and lightness
Algorithm
Black level setting
Effect of contrast and brightness on contrast and brightness
An alternate interpretation
Brightness and contrast controls in LCDs
Brightness and contrast controls in PDPs
Brightness and contrast controls in desktop graphics
6. Raster images in computing
Symbolic image description
Raster images
Conversion among types
Image files
“Resolution” in computer graphics
7. Image structure
Image reconstruction
Sampling aperture
Spot profile
Box distribution
Gaussian distribution
8. Raster scanning
Flicker, refresh rate, and frame rate
Introduction to scanning
Scanning parameters
Interlaced format
Interlace in analog systems
Interlace and progressive
Scanning notation
Motion portrayal
Segmented-frame (24PsF)
Video system taxonomy
Conversion among systems
9. Resolution
Magnitude frequency response and bandwidth
Visual acuity
Viewing distance and angle
Kell effect
Resolution
Resolution in video
Viewing distance
Interlace revisited
10. Constant luminance
The principle of constant luminance
Compensating for the CRT
Departure from constant luminance
Luma
“Leakage” of luminance into chroma
11. Picture rendering
Surround effect
Tone scale alteration
Incorporation of rendering
Rendering in desktop computing
12. Introduction to luma and chroma
Luma
Sloppy use of the term luminance
Colour difference coding (chroma)
Chroma subsampling
Chroma subsampling notation
Chroma subsampling filters
Chroma in composite NTSC and PAL
13. Introduction tocomponent SD
Scanning standards
Widescreen (16:9) SD
Square and nonsquare sampling
Resampling
14. Introduction to composite NTSC and PAL
NTSC and PAL encoding
NTSC and PAL decoding
S-video interface
Frequency interleaving
Composite analog SD
15. Introduction to HD
HD scanning
Colour coding for BT.709 HD
16. Introduction to video compression
Data compression
Image compression
Lossy compression
JPEG
Motion-JPEG
JPEG 2000
Mezzanine compression
MPEG
Picture coding types (I, P, B)
Reordering
MPEG-1
MPEG-2
Other MPEGs
MPEG-4
H.264
AVC-Intra
WM9, WM10, VC-1 codecs
Compression for CE acquisition
HDV
AVCHD
Compression for IP transport to consumers
VP8 (“WebM”) codec
Dirac (basic)
17. Streams and files
Historical overview
Physical layer
Stream interfaces
IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.LINK)
HTTP live streaming (HLS)
18. Metadata
Metadata Example 1: CD-DA
Metadata Example 2: .yuv files
Metadata Example 3: RFF
Metadata Example 4: JPEG/JFIF
Metadata Example 5: Sequence display extension
Conclusions
19. Stereoscopic (“3-D”) video
Acquisition
S3D display
Anaglyph
Temporal multiplexing
Polarization
Wavelength multiplexing (Infitec/Dolby)
Autostereoscopic displays
Parallax barrier display
Lenticular display
Recording and compression
Consumer interface and display
Ghosting
Vergence and accommodation
PART 2
20. Filtering and sampling
Sampling theorem
Sampling at exactly 0.5fS
Magnitude frequency response
Magnitude frequency response of a boxcar
The sinc weighting function
Frequency response of point sampling
Fourier transform pairs
Analog filters
Digital filters
Impulse response
Finite impulse response (FIR) filters
Physical realizability of a filter
Phase response (group delay)
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters
Lowpass filter
Digital filter design
Reconstruction
Reconstruction close to 0.5fS
“(sin x)/x” correction
Further reading
21. Resampling, interpolation, and decimation
2:1 downsampling
Oversampling
Interpolation
Lagrange interpolation
Lagrange interpolation as filtering
Polyphase interpolators
Polyphase taps and phases
Implementing polyphase interpolators
Decimation
Lowpass filtering in decimation
22. Image digitization and reconstruction
Spatial frequency domain
Comb filtering
Spatial filtering
Image presampling filters
Image reconstruction filters
Spatial (2-D) oversampling
23. Perception and visual acuity
Retina
Adaptation
Contrast sensitivity
Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)
24. Luminance and lightness
Radiance, intensity
Luminance
Relative luminance
Luminance from red, green, and blue
Lightness (CIE L*)
25. The CIE system of colorimetry
Fundamentals of vision
Definitions
Spectral power distribution (SPD) and tristimulus
Spectral constraints
CIE XYZ tristimulus
CIE [x, y] chromaticity
Blackbody radiation
Colour temperature
White
Chromatic adaptation
Perceptually uniform colour spaces
CIE L*u*v*
CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB)
CIE L*u*v* and CIE L*a*b* summary
Colour specification and colour image coding
Further reading
26. Colour science for video
Additive reproduction (RGB)
Characterization of RGB primaries
BT.709 primaries
Leggacy SD primaries
sRGB system
SMPTE Free Scale (FS) primaries
AMPAS ACES primaries
SMPTE/DCI P3 primaries
CMFs and SPDs
Normalization and scaling
Luminance coefficients
Transformations between RGB and CIE XYZ
Noise due to matrixing
Transforms among RGB systems
Camera white reference
Display white reference
Gamut
Wide-gamut reproduction
Free Scale Gamut, Free Scale Log (FS-Gamut, FS-Log)
Further reading
27. Gamma
Gamma in CRT physics
The amazing coincidence!
Gamma in video
Opto-electronic conversion functions (OECFs)
BT.709 OECF
SMPTE 240M OECF
sRGB transfer function
Transfer functions in SD
Bit depth requirements
Gamma in modern display devices
Estimating gamma
Gamma in video, CGI, and Macintosh
Gamma in computer graphics
Gamma in pseudocolour
Limitations of 8-bit linear coding
Linear and nonlinear coding in CGI
28. Luma and colour differences
Colour acuity
RGB and R′G′B′ colour cubes
Conventional luma/colour difference coding
Luminance and luma notation
Nonlinear red, green, blue (R′G′B′)
BT.601 luma
BT.709 luma
Chroma subsampling, revisited
Luma/colour difference summary
SD and HD luma chaos
Luma/colour difference component sets
PART 3
29. Component video colour coding for SD
B’-Y’, R’-Y’ components for SD
PBPR components for SD
CBCR components for SD
Y’CBCR from studio RGB
Y’CBCR from computer RGB
“Full-swing” Y’CBCR
Y’UV, Y’IQ confusion
30. Component video colour coding for HD
B’–Y’, R’–Y’ components for BT.709 HD
PBPR components for BT.709 HD
CBCR components for BT.709 HD
CBCR components for xvYCC
Y’CBCR from studio RGB
Y’CBCR from computer RGB
Conversions between HD and SD
Colour coding standards
31. Video signal processing
Edge treatment
Transition samples
Picture lines
Choice of SAL and SPW parameters
Video levels
Setup (pedestal)
BT.601 to computing
Enhancement
Median filtering
Coring
Chroma transition improvement (CTI)
Mixing and keying
32. Frame, field, line, and sample rates
Field rate
Line rate
Sound subcarrier
Addition of composite colour
NTSC colour subcarrier
576i PAL colour subcarrier
4fSC sampling
Common sampling rate
Numerology of HD scanning
Audio rates
33. Timecode
Introduction
Dropframe timecode
Editing
Linear timecode (LTC)
Vertical interval timecode (VITC)
Timecode structure
Further reading
34. 2-3 pulldown
2-3-3-2 pulldown
Conversion of film to different frame rates
Native 24 Hz coding
Conversion to other rates
35. Deinterlacing
Spatial domain
Vertical-temporal domain
Motion adaptivity
Further reading
36. Colourbars
SD colourbars
SD colourbar notation
PLUGE element
Composite decoder adjustment using colourbars
-I, +Q, and PLUGE elements in SD colourbars
HD colourbars
PART 4
37. Reference display and viewing conditions
Introduction
Signal interface
Reference primaries, black, and white
Reference EOCF
Reference viewing conditions
38. SDI and HD-SDI interfaces
Component digital SD interface (BT.601)
Serial digital interface (SDI)
Component digital HD-SDI
SDI and HD-SDI sync, TRS, and ancillary data
TRS in 4:2:2 SD-SDI
TRS in HD-SDI
Analog sync and digital/analog timing relationships
Ancillary data
SDI coding
HD-SDI coding
Interfaces for compressed video
SDTI
Switching and mixing
Timing in digital facilities
ASI
Summary of digital interfaces
39. 480 component video
Frame rate
Interlace
Line sync
Field/frame sync
R′G′B′ EOCF and primaries
Luma (Y′)
Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
Halfline blanking
Component digital 4:2:2 interface
Component analog R′G′B′ interface
Component analog Y′PBPR interface, EBU N10
Component analog Y′PBPR interface, industry standard
40. 576 component video
Frame rate
Interlace
Line sync
Analog field/frame sync
R′G′B′ EOCF and primaries
Luma (Y′)
Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
Component digital 4:2:2 interface
Component analog 576i interface
41. 280 ×720 HD
Scanning
Analog sync
Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
Luma (Y’)
Component digital 4:2:2 interface
42. 1920 ×1080 HD
Scanning
Analog sync
Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
Luma (Y’)
Component digital 4:2:2 interface
43. HD videotape
D-5 HD (HD-D5, D-15)
D-6
HDCAM (D-11)
DVCPRO HD (D-12)
HDCAM SR (D-16)
44. Component analog HD interface
Pre- and postfiltering characteristics
PART 5
45. JPEG and motion-JPEG (M-JPEG) compression
JPEG blocks and MCUs
JPEG block diagram
Level shifting
Discrete cosine transform (DCT)
JPEG encoding example
JPEG decoding
Compression ratio control
JPEG/JFIF
Motion-JPEG (M-JPEG)
Further reading
46. DV compression
DV chroma subsampling
DV frame/field modes
Picture-in-shuttle in DV
DV overflow scheme
DV quantization
DV digital interface (DIF)
Consumer DV recording
Professional DV variants
47. MPEG-2 video compression
MPEG-2 profiles and levels
Picture structure
Frame rate and 2-3 pulldown in MPEG
Luma and chroma sampling structures
Macroblocks
Picture coding types – I, P, B
Prediction
Motion vectors (MVs)
Coding of a block
Frame and field DCT types
Zigzag and VLE
Refresh
Motion estimation
Rate control and buffer management
Bitstream syntax
Transport
48. H.264 video compression
Algorithmic features, profiles, and levels
Baseline and extended profiles
High profiles
Hierarchy
Multiple reference pictures
Slices
Spatial intra prediction
Flexible motion compensation
Quarter-pel motion-compensated interpolation
Weighting and offsetting of MC prediction
16-bit integer transform
Quantizer
Variable-length coding
Context adaptivity
CABAC
Deblocking filter
Buffer control
Scalable video coding (SVC)
Multiview video coding (MVC)
AVC-Intra
49. VP8 compression
Algorithmic features
PART 6
50. MPEG-2 storage and transport
Elementary stream (ES)
Packetized elementary stream (PES)
MPEG-2 program stream
MPEG-2 transport stream
System clock
51. Digital television broadcasting
Japan
United States
ATSC modulation
Europe
A. and considered harmful
Cement vs. concrete
True CIE luminance
The misinterpretation of luminance
The enshrining of luma
Colour difference scale factors
Conclusion: A plea
B. Introduction to radiometry and photometry
Further reading
Glossary
index
About the author
- No. of pages: 752
- Language: English
- Published: January 24, 2012
- Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123919267
- eBook ISBN: 9780123919328
CP
Charles Poynton
Charles Poynton is an independent contractor specializing in digital color imaging systems, including digital video, HDTV, and digital cinema. A Fellow of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), Poynton was awarded the Society’s prestigious David Sarnoff Gold Medal for his work to integrate video technology with computing and communications. Poynton is the author of the widely respected book, A Technical Introduction to Digital Video, published in 1996. Engineers (SMPTE), and in 1994 was awarded the Society's David Sarnoff Gold Medal for his work to integrate video technology with computing and communications. He is also the author of A Technical Introduction to Digital Video.
Affiliations and expertise
Independent Contractor, Toronto, ON, Canada