Diffusion Bonding of Materials

Preface


1 An Outline Of Diffusion Bonding

Bibliography


2 A Theory of Diffusion Bonding in Vacuum


2.1 The Mechanism of Bond Formation in Pressure Welding


2.2 The Basic Pattern of Diffusion Processes in Materials


2.3 The Processes and Factors Responsible for Joint Formation in Diffusion Bonding


2.4 Mating Surfaces


2.5 Cleaning and Shielding of Metals in High Vacuum


2.6 Mechanical Contact Between Clean Mating Surfaces


2.7 Plastic Deformation and Pressing Load in Diffusion Bonding


2.8 Thermal Properties of Materials. Heating and Diffusion Treatment at Constant Temperature


2.9 Analysis of Diffusion-Bonded Joints

Bibliography


3 Principal Bonding Variables and Recommended Procedures for Diffusion Bonding in Vacuum


3.1 Bonding Variables


3.2 Procedures of Diffusion Bonding

Bibliography


4 Equipment for Diffusion Bonding


4.1 General


4.2 Vacuum Techniques


4.3 Bonding Chambers


4.4 Vacuum Pumping Systems


4.5 Basic Types of Heat Sources and Methods of Heating


4.6 Generation and Transfer of Pressing Load


4.7 Classification of Vacuum Diffusion Bonding Equipment

Bibliography


5 Production Rate. Mechanization and Automation of Equipment


5.1 Production Rate


5.2 Jigs and Fixtures


5.3 Reduction of Pump-Down Time


5.4 Continuity of Pressing Load Transfer


5.5 Reduction of Heating and Cooling Time


5.6 Combining or Overlapping the Steps


5.7 Automatic Control of Bonding Conditions


6 Diffusion Bonding of Steels


6.1 Bonding of Similar Steels


6.2 Bonding of Dissimilar Steels

Bibliography


7 Bonding of Cast Iron and Cast Iron to Steel

Bibliography


8 Bonding of Dissimilar Metals and Alloys


8.1 General


8.2 Bonding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys to Non-Ferrous Metals, Their Alloys and Steels


8.3 Bonding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys to Titanium, Niobium and Molybdenum


8.4 Bonding of Copper and Copper Alloys to Steel


8.5 Bonding of Copper and Copper Alloys to Refractory Metals


8.6 Bonding of Steel to Titanium


8.7 Bonding of Nickel and Steels to Refractory Metals


8.8 Bonding of Noble Metals to Other Metals and Alloys


8.9 Bonding of Dissimilar Metals in Porous and Nonporous Form


8.10 Bonding of Steel to Powdered Metals

Bibliography


9 Bonding of Refractory and Active Metals and their Alloys


9.1 General


9.2 Bonding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys


9.3 Bonding of Zirconium


9.4 Bonding of Niobium


9.5 Bonding of Tantalum


9.6 Bonding of Molybdenum


9.7 Bonding of Tungsten


9.8 Bonding of Refractory Metals to Other Metals

Bibliography


10 Bonding of High-Temperature Alloys, Nickel and Nickel Alloys


10.1 Bonding of Nickel


10.2 Bonding of High-Temperature Alloys


10.3 Bonding of High-Temperature Alloys Without Interlayers and with Solid Interlayers


10.4 Bonding of High-Temperature Alloys with Fusible Interlayers


10.5 Bonding of Magnet Alloys

Bibliography


11 Bonding of Cemented Carbides and of a Cemented Carbide to Steel


11.1 Bonding of Cemented Carbides


11.2 Bonding of Cemented Carbides to Steel

Bibliography


12 Repair and Reconditioning by Diffusion Bonding


12.1 General


12.2 Reconditioning by Replacement of a Defective Portion


12.3 Repair Through the Use of Structural Reserve of the Component


12.4 Repair of Broken Components


12.5 Industrial Use of Vacuum Diffusion Bonding for Repair and Reconditioning


13 Bonding of Porous Materials


13.1 Porous Cermet Filter Media and Their Uses


13.2 Bonding of Porous Materials


13.3 Bonding of Porous Materials to Steels


13.4 Performance of Diffusion Bonds in Porous Products

Bibliography


14 Diffusion Metallurgy

Bibliography


15 Nonmetals and their Joining to Metals


15.1 General


15.2 Glass-Metal Seals


15.3 Bonding of Ceramics to Metals


15.4 Bonding of Semiconductors to Metals


15.5 Bonding of Ferrites to Metals


15.6 Bonding of Graphite to Metals

Bibliography


16 Quality Control of Diffusion-Bonded Joints


16.1 General


16.2 Defects in Diffusion-Bonded Joints and Their Causes


16.3 Objectives and Scope of Quality Control in Diffusion Bonding


16.4 Control Factors and Operations Preceding Diffusion Bonding


16.5 Monitoring Bonding-Process Variables


16.6 Measurement and Control of Physical Variables in the Bond Zone


16.7 The Use of Test Specimens


16.8 Quality Control of Bonded Products

Bibliography


17 Accident Prevention. Cleanliness in Vacuum Diffusion Bonding


17.1 General


17.2 Fatigue and Recovery of Personnel


17.3 Cleanliness in Vacuum Diffusion Bonding

Appendix 1 Types and Symbols of Diffusion Bonded Joints

Appendix 2 Dimensions of Diffusion Bonded Joints

Appendix 3 Combination Bonded Joints

Appendix 4 Examples of Bonded Joints

Appendix 5 Designation of Steels

Index