Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics

SECTION 1: AIRWAY

4 Approach to Pediatric Airway
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
NORMAL DYNAMIC AIRWAY FINDINGS IN INFANTS

6 Expiratory Buckling of Trachea
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

7 Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
NEWBORN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

8 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

10 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

12 Choanal Atresia
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

14 Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

16 Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

17 Tracheal Agenesis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF AIRWAY COMPROMISE

18 Epiglottitis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

22 Croup
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

26 Exudative Tracheitis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

30 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
EXTRINSIC VASCULAR COMPRESSION OF AIRWAY

34 Double Aortic Arch
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD

38 Pulmonary Sling
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD

42 Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome
Prakash M. Masand, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD

44 Right Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD
MISCELLANEOUS AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS

46 Infantile Hemangioma, Airway
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

48 Tracheobronchomalacia
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD

SECTION 2: CHEST

52 Approach to Pediatric Chest
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD
NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS

56 Normal Thymus
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

60 Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
CONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS

62 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
Hank Baskin, MD

66 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

70 Bronchogenic Cyst
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

74 Congenital Lobar Overinflation
Hank Baskin, MD

78 Bronchial Atresia
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP and Randy R.
Richardson, MD
NEONATAL CHEST ISSUES

80 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Steven J. Kraus, MD

84 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

88 Surfactant Deficiency Disease
Hank Baskin, MD

92 Neonatal Pneumonia
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

94 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Emily S. Orscheln, MD

96 Transient Tachypnea of Newborn
Hank Baskin, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD

98 Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

102 Neonatal Pneumothorax
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

104 Chylothorax
Randy R. Richardson, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

106 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Emily S. Orscheln, MD

110 Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

112 Esophageal Intubation
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

113 ECMO Catheters
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

114 PICCs
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
CHEST INFECTIONS

116 Viral Chest Infection
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

120 COVID-19/MIS-C
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

124 Round Pneumonia
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

128 Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

130 Pneumonia With Cavitary Necrosis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

134 Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

136 Papillomatosis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
MEDIASTINAL MASSES

140 Lymphoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

144 Germ Cell Tumors
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

148 Neuroblastoma, Thoracic
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
PULMONARY MASSES

152 Pleuropulmonary Blastoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

156 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Hank Baskin, MD
TRAUMA

158 Child Abuse, Rib Fractures
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

162 Lung Contusion and Laceration
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

166 Aortic Injury
Hank Baskin, MD

170 Pneumomediastinum
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
PEDIATRIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES

174 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy
Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD

176 Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD

178 Alveolar Growth Abnormality
Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD

180 Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders
Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD

182 Swyer-James
Hank Baskin, MD

184 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

186 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD
MISCELLANEOUS

188 Asthma
Hank Baskin, MD

192 Bronchial Obstruction
Hank Baskin, MD

196 Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary
Randy R. Richardson, MD

200 Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body
Randy R. Richardson, MD

202 Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

206 Pectus Excavatum
Mantosh S. Rattan, MD and Randy R. Richardson, MD

208 Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Mantosh S. Rattan, MD

209 Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

210 Chest Wall Hamartoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

211 Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

212 EVALI
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

SECTION 3: CARDIAC

216 Approach to Pediatric Heart
Randy R. Richardson, MD
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

220 Atrial Septal Defect
Randy R. Richardson, MD

224 Ventricular Septal Defect
Randy R. Richardson, MD

228 Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Randy R. Richardson, MD

232 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Randy R. Richardson, MD

236 Tetralogy of Fallot
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

240 Pulmonary Atresia
Randy R. Richardson, MD

244 Ebstein Anomaly
Randy R. Richardson, MD

248 D-Transposition of Great Arteries
Randy R. Richardson, MD
Artery Anomalous Origin
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

270 Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Randy R. Richardson, MD

272 Aortic Coarctation
Randy R. Richardson, MD

276 Aortic Stenosis
Randy R. Richardson, MD

280 Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
Randy R. Richardson, MD

284 Scimitar Syndrome
Randy R. Richardson, MD
SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

286 Glenn Shunt
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD

288 Fontan Operation
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD

290 Arterial Switch Procedure
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD

292 Norwood Procedure
Randy R. Richardson, MD

294 Blalock-Taussig Shunt
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD

296 Amplatzer Occluder Device
Randy R. Richardson, MD

298 Sano Shunt
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Prakash M. Masand, MD
CARDIOMYOPATHIES

300 Myocarditis
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

302 Left Ventricular Noncompaction
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

304 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

306 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related
Cardiomyopathy
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

308 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Leila Rezai Gharai, MD, John D. Grizzard, MD, and Randy
R. Richardson, MD
MISCELLANEOUS

312 Heterotaxia Syndromes
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

316 Rhabdomyoma
Randy R. Richardson, MD, Ryan A. Moore, MD, and Paula
J. Woodward, MD

320 Kawasaki Disease
Randy R. Richardson, MD and Ryan A. Moore, MD

324 Rheumatic Heart Disease
Randy R. Richardson, MD

326 Marfan Syndrome
Randy R. Richardson, MD

328 Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Randy R. Richardson, MD

SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL

332 Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
NORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS

336 Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction
Position
Steven J. Kraus, MD

340 Normal Variations of Cecal Position
Steven J. Kraus, MD

342 Age-Related Appearance of Spleen
Ethan A. Smith, MD
NEONATAL UPPER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS

344 Malrotation
Steven J. Kraus, MD

348 Midgut Volvulus
Steven J. Kraus, MD

352 Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis
Steven J. Kraus, MD

356 Duodenal Web
Steven J. Kraus, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

357 Pyloric Atresia
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
NEONATAL LOWER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS

358 Jejunoileal Atresia
Steven J. Kraus, MD

362 Colonic Atresia
Steven J. Kraus, MD

363 Multiple Intestinal Atresias
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

364 Meconium Ileus
Steven J. Kraus, MD

368 Neonatal Small Left Colon
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

370 Hirschsprung Disease
Steven J. Kraus, MD

374 Anorectal Malformations
Steven J. Kraus, MD
Reflux
Steven J. Kraus, MD

390 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

394 Gastric Volvulus
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

396 Ingested Coins
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

398 Ingested Button Batteries
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

400 Ingested Multiple Magnets
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
ABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL

402 Hernias
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

406 Omphalocele
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

410 Gastroschisis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

414 Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

415 Limb-Body Wall Complex
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
OTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

416 Appendicitis
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

420 Ileocolic Intussusception
Steven J. Kraus, MD

424 Meckel Diverticulum
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

428 Colonic Volvulus
Steven J. Kraus, MD

430 Internal Hernia
Ethan A. Smith, MD

431 Segmental Volvulus
Ethan A. Smith, MD
LIVER ABNORMALITIES

432 Hepatoblastoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

436 Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

440 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Ethan A. Smith, MD

442 Hepatic Adenoma
Ethan A. Smith, MD

444 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

445 Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

446 Mesenchymal Hamartoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

447 Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

448 Biliary Atresia
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

452 Choledochal Cyst
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

456 Caroli Disease
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

458 Fibrosis/Cirrhosis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

460 Steatosis/Steatohepatitis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

462 Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease
Ethan A. Smith, MD

464 Abernethy Malformation
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

466 Liver Transplant Complications
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP and Michael R. Aquino, MD,
MHSc
SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES

470 Wandering Spleen
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

472 Splenic Infarct
Ethan A. Smith, MD

474 Splenic Cysts
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

476 Cat-Scratch Disease
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
PANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES

478 Pancreatoblastoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

480 Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

482 Pancreas Divisum
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

484 Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

486 Annular Pancreas
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

488 Pancreatitis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
MESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES

492 Primary Mesenteric Adenitis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

494 Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

496 Omental Infarction
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
TRAUMA

498 Hypoperfusion Complex
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

502 Bowel Injury
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

506 Hepatic Trauma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

510 Splenic Trauma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

514 Duodenal Trauma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

518 Pancreatic Trauma
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc
ABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN

522 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

526 Pseudomembranous Colitis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

528 Neutropenic Colitis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

530 Graft-vs.-Host Disease
Ethan A. Smith, MD

532 Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

536 Pneumatosis in Older Children
Ethan A. Smith, MD
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

538 Crohn Disease
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

542 Ulcerative Colitis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
MISCELLANEOUS

544 Esophageal Strictures
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

548 Bezoars
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

552 Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

556 Small Bowel Intussusception
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

558 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

562 Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

566 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and Swathi Selvam, MD

570 Burkitt Lymphoma
Ethan A. Smith, MD

572 Castleman Disease
Ethan A. Smith, MD

573 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Ethan A. Smith, MD

574 Abdominal Aneurysms
Ethan A. Smith, MD

SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY

578 Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

582 Normal Neonatal Kidney
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

584 Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

586 Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT ABNORMALITIES

588 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

592 Vesicoureteral Reflux
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

596 Ureteropelvic Duplications
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

600 Ureterocele
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

604 Primary Megaureter
Steven J. Kraus, MD

606 Megaureter-Megacystis
Steven J. Kraus, MD

607 Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis
Syndrome
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

608 Prune-Belly Syndrome
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

610 Posterior Urethral Valves
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

614 Urachal Abnormalities
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

618 Cloaca Malformation
Steven J. Kraus, MD

620 Bladder Exstrophy
Steven J. Kraus, MD

622 Renal Ectopia and Fusion
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

626 Renal Agenesis
Ethan A. Smith, MD
MULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE

628 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

632 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

636 Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
RENAL MASSES

638 Wilms Tumor
Ethan A. Smith, MD and Hank Baskin, MD

642 Nephroblastomatosis
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

646 Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

648 Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

652 Renal Rhabdoid Tumor
Ethan A. Smith, MD

653 Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney
Ethan A. Smith, MD

654 Renal Cell Carcinoma
Ethan A. Smith, MD

656 Renal Medullary Carcinoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

658 Angiomyolipoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
MISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS

662 Pyelonephritis
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

666 Renal Injury
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

670 Renal Stones
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

674 Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary
Hyperechogenicity
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

676 Renal Vein Thrombosis
Ethan A. Smith, MD

678 Renal Artery Stenosis
Ethan A. Smith, MD

679 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
BLADDER ABNORMALITIES

680 Neurogenic Bladder
Steven J. Kraus, MD

684 Bladder Diverticula
Steven J. Kraus, MD

686 Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

688 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES

692 Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

696 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

700 Neuroblastoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

706 Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

708 Pheochromocytoma
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
UTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES

710 Hydrometrocolpos
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

714 Müllerian Duct Anomalies
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

718 Ovarian Cyst
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

722 Ovarian Teratoma
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

726 Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood
Alexander J. Towbin, MD

730 Ovarian Torsion
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

734 Ectopic Ovary
Hank Baskin, MD
SCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES

736 Epididymoorchitis
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

740 Testicular Torsion
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

744 Torsion of Testicular Appendage
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

748 Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hank Baskin, MD

750 Testicular Tumors
Hank Baskin, MD

754 Testicular Trauma
Hank Baskin, MD

756 Ectopic Testicle
Hank Baskin, MD

758 Variations of Hydroceles
Ethan A. Smith, MD

SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL

762 Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System
Christopher G. Anton, MD
NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

766 Primary and Secondary Growth Centers
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

768 Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

770 Normal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

776 Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

778 VACTERL Association
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

782 Polydactyly
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

783 Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

784 Tibial Bowing
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

785 Arthrogryposis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

786 Clubfoot
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

788 Discoid Meniscus
Christopher G. Anton, MD
TRAUMA: GENERAL

792 Physeal Fractures
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

796 Apophyseal Injuries
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

800 Incomplete Fractures
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

802 Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc

806 Other Fractures of Child Abuse
Michael R. Aquino, MD, MHSc and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr.,
MD, FAAP

810 Stress Injuries
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

814 Osteochondroses
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

816 Osteochondritis Dissecans
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

820 Fracture Complications
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

824 Orthopedic Hardware and Complications
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

828 Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

830 Morel-Lavallée Lesion
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

831 Muscle Hernia
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
TRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY

832 Supracondylar Fracture
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

836 Lateral Condylar Fracture
Christopher G. Anton, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

840 Medial Epicondyle Avulsion
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

842 Forearm Fractures
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

844 Clavicle Injuries
Arthur B. Meyers, MD
TRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY

846 ACL Injuries
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

850 Patellar Dislocation
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

854 Patellar Sleeve Avulsion
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

855 Tibial Tubercle Avulsion
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

856 Triplane Fracture
Christopher G. Anton, MD

858 Juvenile Tillaux Fracture
Emily S. Orscheln, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

860 Toddler's Fracture
Emily S. Orscheln, MD

861 Trampoline Fracture
Emily S. Orscheln, MD
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY
DISORDERS

862 Osteomyelitis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

868 Syphilis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

870 Septic Arthritis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

872 Transient Synovitis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

874 Soft Tissue Abscess
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

876 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Christopher G. Anton, MD

880 Dermatomyositis
Christopher G. Anton, MD

882 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD
SOFT TISSUE MASSES

886 Infantile Hemangioma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

890 Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

892 Venous Malformation
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

896 Lymphatic Malformation
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

900 Arteriovenous Malformation (MSK)
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

902 Fibromatosis
Christopher G. Anton, MD

906 Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

908 Plexiform Neurofibroma
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

910 Lipoblastoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

911 Pilomatrixoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

912 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal
Christopher G. Anton, MD

916 Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas
(NRSTS)
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

920 Granuloma Annulare
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

922 Myositis Ossificans
Arthur B. Meyers, MD
FOCAL, MULTIFOCAL, AND DIFFUSE BONE
LESIONS

924 Ewing Sarcoma
Christopher G. Anton, MD

928 Osteosarcoma
Christopher G. Anton, MD

932 Leukemia
Christopher G. Anton, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

936 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

940 Nonossifying Fibroma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

944 Osteoid Osteoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

948 Chondroblastoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

950 Osteochondroma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
ABNORMALITIES OF HIP

954 Developmental Hip Dysplasia
Hank Baskin, MD

958 Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency
Christopher G. Anton, MD

960 Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Arthur B. Meyers, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD,
FAAP

964 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE

968 Achondroplasia
Christopher G. Anton, MD

972 Mucopolysaccharidoses
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

976 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

980 Osteopetrosis
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
MISCELLANEOUS

982 Rickets
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

986 Sickle Cell Disease
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

990 Scoliosis
Christopher G. Anton, MD

994 Tarsal Coalition
Christopher G. Anton, MD

998 Brachial Plexopathy
Arthur B. Meyers, MD

1000 Hemophilia
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

SECTION 7: BRAIN

1004 Approach to Pediatric Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD
NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION

1008 Normal Myelination
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1012 Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1014 Cavum Septum Pellucidum
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1015 Cavum Veli Interpositi
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

1016 Dandy-Walker Continuum
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1020 Other Cerebellar Malformations
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1022 Cephalocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1024 Holoprosencephalies
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1026 Callosal Anomalies
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1028 Hemimegalencephaly
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1030 Lissencephaly
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1032 Heterotopic Gray Matter
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1034 Schizencephaly
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1036 Polymicrogyria
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1038 Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1040 Chiari 1
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1042 Chiari 2
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1044 Aqueductal Stenosis
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD
PHAKOMATOSES

1046 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1050 Tuberous Sclerosis
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1052 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1054 PHACES Syndrome
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

1055 Neurocutaneous Melanosis
Luke L. Linscott, MD
CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS

1056 Colloid Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1058 Arachnoid Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1060 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1062 Pineal Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1063 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1064 Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1066 Medulloblastoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1068 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1070 Posterior Fossa Ependyoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1072 Supratentorial Ependymoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1073 Glioblastoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1074 Brainstem Tumors
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1078 DNET
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1079 Ganglioglioma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1080 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1081 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1082 Craniopharyngioma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1084 Germinoma, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1086 Choroid Plexus Tumors
Luke L. Linscott, MD
TRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS

1088 Abusive Head Trauma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1092 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1096 White Matter Injury of Prematurity
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1098 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1100 Childhood Stroke
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1102 Moyamoya
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1104 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1106 Arteriovenous Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1108 Cavernous Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1110 Birth Injury
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1112 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1114 Childhood Aneurysms
Luke L. Linscott, MD
METABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

1116 Metabolic Brain Disease
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1120 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1122 Leukodystrophies
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1124 TORCH Infections
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1126 Brain Abscess
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1128 Acute Encephalitis
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1130 Demyelinating Diseases
Blaise V. Jones, MD
MISCELLANEOUS

1132 Craniosynostoses
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1136 CSF Shunts and Complications
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

SECTION 8: SPINE

1142 Approach to Pediatric Spine
Blaise V. Jones, MD
CONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS

1144 Myelomeningocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1146 Lipomyelomeningocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1147 Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1148 Caudal Regression
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1149 Split Cord Malformation
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1150 Terminal Myelocystocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1151 Neurenteric Cyst
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

1152 Tethered Spinal Cord
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1153 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1154 Syringomyelia
Blaise V. Jones, MD
NEOPLASMS

1156 Spinal Cord Ependymoma
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1158 Spinal Cord Astrocytoma
Blaise V. Jones, MD

1160 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS

1164 Discitis/Osteomyelitis
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1166 Inflammatory Myelopathies
Blaise V. Jones, MD
TRAUMA

1168 Craniocervical Junction Injuries
Luke L. Linscott, MD

1172 Chance Fracture
Blaise V. Jones, MD and A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP

1174 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Christopher G. Anton, MD

SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK

1178 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
NASAL AND SINUS CAVITIES

1182 Nasal Dermal Sinus
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

1186 Juvenile Angiofibroma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

1190 Acute Rhinosinusitis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD
ORBIT

1194 Orbital Cellulitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1198 Retinoblastoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
TEMPORAL BONE

1202 Congenital Auricle Malformations
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1204 Large Vestibular Aqueduct
William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L.
Koch, MD

1206 Congenital Cholesteatoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1208 Acquired Cholesteatoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1210 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess
Luke L. Linscott, MD
SYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIAL
INVOLVEMENT

1214 CHARGE Syndrome
William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Bernadette L.
Koch, MD

1215 Branchiootorenal Syndrome
William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D.
Robson, MBChB

1216 Treacher Collins Syndrome
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

1217 Pierre Robin Sequence
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB
NECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD

1218 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1222 Branchial Cleft Anomalies
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1226 Acute Parotitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1228 Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1232 Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

1236 Fibromatosis Colli
Sara M. O'Hara, MD, FAAP

1240 Suppurative Adenitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD