Diagnostic Imaging: Genitourinary

SECTION 1: OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION

4 Imaging Approaches
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD
SECTION 2: RETROPERITONEUM

12 Introduction to Retroperitoneum
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

CONGENITAL

16 Duplications and Anomalies of IVC
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

INFLAMMATION

20 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Alice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

DEGENERATIVE

24 Pelvic Lipomatosis
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

TREATMENT RELATED

26 Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage
Alice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

30 Postoperative Lymphocele
Alice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

32 Retroperitoneal Neurogenic Tumor
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

36 Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Alice Fung, MD

40 Retroperitoneal and Mesenteric Lymphoma
Alice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

44 Retroperitoneal Metastases
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

48 Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Bryan R. Foster, MD

SECTION 3: ADRENAL

52 Introduction to Adrenals
Mitchell Tublin, MD, Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR
INFECTION

56 Adrenal Tuberculosis and Fungal Infection
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

METABOLIC OR INHERITED

58 Adrenal Hyperplasia
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

60 Adrenal Insufficiency
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

TRAUMA

62 Adrenal Hemorrhage
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, Mitchell Tublin, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

66 Adrenal Cyst
Mitchell Tublin, MD

70 Adrenal Adenoma
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD

76 Adrenal Myelolipoma
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

80 Pheochromocytoma
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

86 Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
Mitchell Tublin, MD, Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

90 Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Staging
Akram M. Shaaban, MBBCh

102 Adrenal Lymphoma
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD

104 Adrenal Metastases
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD

108 Adrenal Collision Tumor
Mitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD

SECTION 4: KIDNEY AND RENAL PELVIS

112 Introduction to Renal Physiology and Contrast
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

114 Introduction to Kidney and Renal Pelvis
Alessandro Furlan, MD

NORMAL VARIANTS AND PSEUDOLESIONS

120 Renal Fetal Lobation
Amir A. Borhani, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

122 Junctional Cortical Defect
Amir A. Borhani, MD

124 Column of Bertin
Amir A. Borhani, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

CONGENITAL

126 Horseshoe Kidney
Alessandro Furlan, MD, Mark D. Sugi, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

130 Renal Ectopia and Agenesis
Alessandro Furlan, MD, Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR, and Mark D. Sugi, MD

134 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR

138 Congenital Megacalyces and Megaureter
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

140 Renal Lymphangiomatosis
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

INFECTION

142 Acute Pyelonephritis
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD

146 Chronic Pyelonephritis/Reflux Nephropathy
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

148 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Alessandro
Furlan, MD, and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD

152 Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Alessandro
Furlan, MD, and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD

154 Renal Abscess
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Alessandro
Furlan, MD, and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD

158 Pyonephrosis
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Alessandro
Furlan, MD

160 Opportunistic Renal Infections
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD
RENAL CYSTIC DISEASE

162 Renal Cyst
Kanupriya Vijay, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD

166 Parapelvic (Peripelvic) Cyst
Kanupriya Vijay, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD

168 Bosniak Classification of Cystic Masses
Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD and Kevin Kalisz, MD

172 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD

176 Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD

178 von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD

182 Medullary Cystic Diseases
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD,

FACR

184 Lithium Nephropathy
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Alessandro Furlan, MD, and Amir A. Borhani, MD

186 Localized Cystic Renal Disease
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR
BENIGN NEOPLASMS

188 Renal Angiomyolipoma
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

194 Renal Oncocytoma
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

198 Metanephric Adenoma
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

200 Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor Family
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD,

FSAR
INFLAMMATION

202 IgG4 Renal Disease
Kevin Kalisz, MD and Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD

206 Histiocytic Diseases
Bryan R. Foster, MD

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

208 Renal Cell Carcinoma
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

214 Renal Cell Carcinoma Staging
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Douglas
Rogers, MD

234 Medullary Carcinoma
Kevin Kalisz, MD

236 Collecting Duct Carcinoma
Kevin Kalisz, MD

238 Urothelial Carcinoma
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T.
Heller, MD, FSAR

242 Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma Staging
Akram M. Shaaban, MBBCh

260 Renal Lymphoma
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T.
Heller, MD, FSAR

262 Renal Metastases
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

METABOLIC

264 Nephrocalcinosis
Kevin Kalisz, MD

268 Urolithiasis
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

272 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

RENAL FAILURE AND MEDICAL RENAL DISEASE

274 Hydronephrosis
Lori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Alessandro
Furlan, MD

276 Glomerulonephritis
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD,
FACR

278 Acute Tubular Injury
Alessandro Furlan, MD

280 Renal Cortical Necrosis
Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD

282 Renal Papillary Necrosis
Kevin Kalisz, MD

284 HIV Nephropathy
Alessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

286 Chronic Renal Failure
Alessandro Furlan, MD

288 Renal Lipomatosis
Alessandro Furlan, MD, Amir A. Borhani, MD, and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

VASCULAR DISORDERS

290 Renal Artery Stenosis
Amir A. Borhani, MD and Kanupriya Vijay, MD

294 Renal Infarction
Kanupriya Vijay, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

300 Renal Vein Thrombosis
Kanupriya Vijay, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

304 Renal Vasculitis
Bryan R. Foster, MD

TRAUMA

306 Renal Trauma
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR and Ghaneh Fananapazir,
MD

310 Urinoma
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

TRANSPLANTATION

312 Kidney Transplant Normal Anatomy
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

316 Vascular Thrombosis in Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

320 Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

324 Arteriovenous Fistulas Involving Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

326 Pseudoaneurysms Involving Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

328 Urinary Obstruction Involving Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

330 Perinephric Fluid Collections Involving Kidney

Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

334 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Involving Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

338 Acute Tubular Necrosis in Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

340 Rejection in Kidney Transplants
Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

TREATMENT RELATED

344 Postoperative State, Kidney
Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD

348 Radiation Nephropathy
Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD

350 Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
Kevin Kalisz, MD, Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD, and
Amir A. Borhani, MD

SECTION 5: URETER

356 Introduction to Ureter
Bryan R. Foster, MD

CONGENITAL

358 Duplicated and Ectopic Ureter
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

362 Ureterocele
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani,

INFLAMMATION

366 Ureteritis Cystica
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

368 Ureteral Stricture
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

TRAUMA

370 Ureteral Trauma
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

NEOPLASMS

374 Fibroepithelial Polyp
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

376 Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

MISCELLANEOUS

380 Ureterectasis of Pregnancy
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD
SECTION 6: BLADDER

384 Introduction to Bladder
Kyle K. Jensen, MD, Amir A. Borhani, MD, and Paula J. Woodward, MD
CONGENITAL

388 Urachal Anomalies
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

INFECTION

392 Cystitis
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

394 Bladder Schistosomiasis
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

396 Malakoplakia
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD
DEGENERATIVE

398 Bladder Calculi
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

400 Bladder Diverticulum
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

404 Fistulas of Genitourinary Tract
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

408 Neurogenic Bladder
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

TRAUMA

410 Bladder Trauma
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

TREATMENT RELATED

414 Postoperative State, Bladder
Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD and Amir A. Borhani,MD

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

418 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

420 Bladder and Ureteral Intramural Masses
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

424 Urinary Bladder Carcinoma Staging
Akram M. Shaaban, MBBCh

438 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

440 Adenocarcinoma
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

SECTION 7: URETHRA/PENIS

444 Introduction to Urethra
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Paula J. Woodward, MD

NEOPLASMS

446 Urethral Carcinoma Staging
Akram M. Shaaban, MBBCh

INFECTION

460 Urethral Stricture
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

462 Urethral Diverticulum
Alice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

TRAUMA

466 Urethral Trauma
Bryan R. Foster, MD

468 Erectile Dysfunction
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR

TREATMENT RELATED

470 Penile and Urethral Implants
Bryan R. Foster, MD

474 Gender-Affirming Surgery: Female to Male
Kyle K. Jensen, MD

478 Gender-Affirming Surgery: Male to Female
Kyle K. Jensen, MD

SECTION 8: TESTES
NONNEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS

486 Approach to Scrotal Sonography
Bryan R. Foster, MD

488 Cryptorchidism
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Paula J. Woodward, MD

490 Testicular Torsion
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Shweta Bhatt, MD

494 Segmental Infarction
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

496 Tubular Ectasia
Alice Fung, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

498 Testicular Microlithiasis
Alice Fung, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

NEOPLASMS

500 Germ Cell Tumors
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

504 Testicular Carcinoma Staging
Akram M. Shaaban, MBBCh

520 Stromal Tumors
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Shweta Bhatt, MD

524 Testicular Lymphoma and Leukemia
Shweta Bhatt, MD and Kyle K. Jensen, MD

526 Epidermoid Cyst
Kyle K. Jensen, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

SECTION 9: EPIDIDYMIS

530 Epididymitis
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

534 Adenomatoid Tumor
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Katherine E. Maturen, MD, MS

536 Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst
Alice Fung, MD and Katherine E. Maturen, MD, MS

538 Sperm Granuloma
Alice Fung, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

SECTION 10: SCROTUM

542 Hydrocele
Bryan R. Foster, MD

544 Varicocele
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

546 Pyocele
Bryan R. Foster, MD and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD

548 Inguinal Hernia
Bryan R. Foster, MD

554 Fournier Gangrene
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

556 Fibrous Pseudotumor of Scrotum
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Paula J. Woodward, MD

558 Scrotal Trauma
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD

SECTION 11: SEMINAL VESICLES

564 Congenital Seminal Vesicle Lesions
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

566 Acquired Seminal Vesicle Lesions
Bryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD

SECTION 12: PROSTATE

570 Prostatitis and Abscess
Bryan R. Foster, MD

572 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Bryan R. Foster, MD

576 Prostatic Cyst
Bryan R. Foster, MD

578 Prostate Carcinoma
Bryan R. Foster, MD

584 PI-RADS Lexicon and Usage
Bryan R. Foster, MD

594 Prostate Carcinoma Staging
Jeffrey Dee Olpin, MD

SECTION 13: PROCEDURES

612 Native and Transplant Kidney Biopsy
Zachary B. Jenner, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD

618 Percutaneous Genitourinary Interventions
Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR, Ashraf Thabet, MD, and
Zachary B. Jenner, MD

630 Kidney Ablation
Mitchell Tublin, MD, Ashraf Thabet, MD, and Zachary B.
Jenner, MD

640 Kidney Embolization
Zachary B. Jenner, MD, Mitchell Tublin, MD, and Ashraf
Thabet, MD

650 Venous Sampling and Venography (Renal and
Adrenal)
Amir A. Borhani, MD, T. Gregory Walker, MD, FSIR, and
Zachary B. Jenner, MD