Diagnostic Imaging: Brain
- 5th Edition - November 13, 2025
- Latest edition
- Authors: Karen L. Salzman, Miral D. Jhaveri
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 3 8 0 1 9 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 3 8 0 2 0 - 4
Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Brain, fifth edition, is an invaluable resource for neuroradiologists, general radiologists, and tr… Read more
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Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Brain, fifth edition, is an invaluable resource for neuroradiologists, general radiologists, and trainees―anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s brain imaging. Drs. Miral Jhaveri, Karen L. Salzman, and a diverse group of neuroimaging experts provide updated information on more than 300 brain and CNS conditions to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
- Provides authoritative, comprehensive guidance on both pathology-based and anatomy-based diagnoses to help you diagnose the full range of brain and CNS conditions
- Contains numerous new diagnoses and new chapters on such topics as inflammatory and demyelinating diseases, metabolic conditions, and CNS tumors
- Reflects significantly revised brain tumor categories based on the WHO CNS Classification and the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy, including major changes that advance the role of molecular diagnostics in CNS tumor classification
- Discusses key topics such as advances in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with the approval of monoclonal antibody (MAB) immunotherapy, CNS manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in vessel wall imaging
- Features nearly 3,200+ high-quality print images and videos (with an additional 4,700+ images in the complimentary eBook), including radiology images, full-color medical illustrations, clinical images, gross pathology photographs, and histology images
- Increases your ability to communicate imaging findings effectively with other neuroscientists, including oncologists and neurosurgeons
- Uses succinct bulleted text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care
- Includes an eBook that allows you access to everything in the print version as well as new text, videos, and thousands of additional images and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud
Nueroradiologists
PART I: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES
SECTION 1: CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Approach to Brain Malformations
CHIARI MALFORMATIONS
Chiari 1
Chiari 2
Chiari 3
HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS
Dandy-Walker Continuum
Rhombencephalosynapsis
Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias
Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert)
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE
Holoprosencephaly
Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant)
Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Commissural Abnormalities
MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT
Congenital Microcephaly
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Heterotopic Gray Matter
Polymicrogyria
Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Lissencephaly
Schizencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly
FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Meningioangiomatosis
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Neurocutaneous Melanosis
Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis
Aicardi Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Schwannomatosis
Turcot Syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
PHACES Syndrome
SECTION 2: TRAUMA
Introduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma
PRIMARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA
Scalp and Skull Injuries
Missile and Penetrating Injury
Epidural Hematoma, Classic
Epidural Hematoma, Variant
Acute Subdural Hematoma
Subacute Subdural Hematoma
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Cerebral Contusion
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Subcortical Injury
Pneumocephalus
Abusive Head Trauma
SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA
Intracranial Herniation Syndromes
Posttraumatic Brain Swelling
Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction
Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria (BD/DNC)
Second-Impact Syndrome
Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury
Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Leptomeningeal Cyst (Growing Fracture)
SECTION 3: SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND ANEURYSMS
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Superficial Siderosis, Classic
Superficial Siderosis, Cortical
ANEURYSMS
Saccular Aneurysm
Pseudoaneurysm
Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia
ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm
Non-ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm
Blood Blister-Like Aneurysm
SECTION 4: STROKE
Stroke Overview
NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage
Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage
Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Critical Illness-Associated Microbleeds
ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CAROTID STENOSIS
Intracranial Atherosclerosis
Extracranial Atherosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis
NONATHEROMATOUS VASCULOPATHY
Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery
Persistent Carotid Basilar Anastomoses
Sickle Cell Disease
Moyamoya
Primary Arteritis of CNS
Miscellaneous Vasculitis
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Vasospasm
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cerebral Amyloid Disease
Cerebral Amyloid Disease, Inflammatory
Amyloid Related Imaging Abnormalities (ARIA)
CADASIL
Behçet Disease
Susac Syndrome
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
Hydranencephaly
White Matter Injury of Prematurity
Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction
Childhood Stroke
Cerebral Hemiatrophy
Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction
Subacute Cerebral Infarction
Chronic Cerebral Infarction
Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions
Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction
Cerebral Embolism, Air
Lacunar Infarction
Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome
Dural Sinus Thrombosis
Cortical Venous Thrombosis
Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations
SECTION 5: VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Vascular Malformations Overview
CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING
Arteriovenous Malformation
Dural AV Fistula
Pial AV Fistula
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy
CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING
Developmental Venous Anomaly
Sinus Pericranii
Cavernous Malformation
Capillary Telangiectasia
SECTION 6: NEOPLASMS
Neoplasms Overview
GLIOMAS, GLIONEURONAL TUMORS, AND NEURONAL TUMORS
Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas
Astrocytoma, IDH-Mutant
Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted
Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype
Pediatric-Type Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL1-Altered
Angiocentric Glioma
Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of Young
Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma, MAPK Pathway-Altered
Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3 K27-Altered
Diffuse Hemispheric Glioma, H3 G34-Mutant
Diffuse Pediatric-Type High-Grade Glioma, H3-Wildtype and IDH-Wildtype
Infant-Type Hemispheric Glioma
Circumscribed Astrocytic Gliomas
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
High-Grade Astrocytoma With Piloid Features
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Astroblastoma, MN1-Altered
Glioneuronal and Neuronal Tumors
Ganglioglioma
Gangliocytoma
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma
DNET
Diffuse Glioneuronal Tumor With Oligodendroglioma-Like Features and Nuclear Clusters
Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor
Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor
Myxoid Glioneuronal Tumor
Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor
Dysplastic Cerebellar Ganglioglioma (Lhermitte-Duclos Disease)
Central Neurocytoma
Extraventricular Neurocytoma
Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma
Malignant Glioneuronal Tumor
Ependymal Tumors
Supratentorial Ependymoma
Infratentorial Ependymoma
Subependymoma
CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
EMBRYONAL TUMORS
Medulloblastoma, Molecularly Defined
Medulloblastoma, Histologically Defined
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes
PINEAL TUMORS
Pineocytoma
Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
Pineoblastoma
Papillary Tumor of Pineal Region
TUMORS OF CRANIAL/PERIPHERAL NERVES
Vestibular Schwannoma
Nonvestibular Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
HEMATOLYMPHOID TUMORS INVOLVING CNS
CNS Lymphomas
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of CNS
Immunodeficiency-Associated CNS Lymphoma
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Histiocytic Tumors
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain
Erdheim-Chester Disease
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
Miscellaneous Histiocytoses
MENINGIOMA
Meningioma, CNS WHO Grade 1
Atypical and Malignant Meningioma
MESENCHYMAL, NONMENINGOTHELIAL TUMORS INVOLVING CNS
Miscellaneous Benign Mesenchymal Tumors
Miscellaneous Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Hemangioblastoma
GERM CELL TUMORS
Germinoma
Teratoma
Miscellaneous Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasms
METASTATIC TUMORS
Parenchymal Metastases
Miscellaneous Intracranial Metastases
Secondary CNS Lymphoma
TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS
Ecchordosis Physaliphora
Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of Neuraxis (CAPNON)
Lipoma
SECTION 7: PRIMARY NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS
Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview
Arachnoid Cyst
Colloid Cyst
Dermoid Cyst
Epidermoid Cyst
Neuroglial Cyst
Periventricular Cyst
Choroid Fissure Cyst
Hippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts
Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Pineal Cyst
Choroid Plexus Cyst
Ependymal Cyst
Porencephalic Cyst
Neurenteric Cyst
Nonneoplastic Tumor-Associated Cysts
SECTION 8: INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE
CNS Infectious Disease Overview
CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS
TORCH Infections, Overview
Congenital CMV
Congenital HIV
Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis
ACQUIRED INFECTIONS
Group B Streptococcal Meningitis
Citrobacter Meningitis
Meningitis
Abscess
Ventriculitis
Empyema
Herpes Encephalitis
Miscellaneous Encephalitis
West Nile Virus Encephalitis
HHV-6 Encephalitis
Cerebellitis
Rasmussen Encephalitis
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Tuberculosis
Neurocysticercosis
Hydatid Disease
Amebiasis
Cerebral Malaria
Miscellaneous Parasites
Fungal Diseases
Rickettsial Diseases
Lyme Disease
Acquired HIV Encephalitis
Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Acquired CMV
Cryptococcosis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Miscellaneous JC Virus Infection
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
HIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations
Zika Virus Infection
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
COVID-19
INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE
Multiple Sclerosis
ADEM
AHLE
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease (MOGAD)
Autoimmune Encephalitis
AIDP-Guillain-Barré Spectrum Disorders
CIDP
CLIPPERS
SLIPPERS
GFAP Astrocytopathy
SECTION 9: INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Approach to Normal Brain Development and
Metabolic Disorders
NORMAL VARIANTS
Hypomyelination
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS
Mitochondrial Encephalopathies
LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Gangliosidosis (GM2)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
Fabry Disease
PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS
Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Urea Cycle Disorders
Glutaric Acidemia Type 1
Canavan Disease
Alexander Disease
Miscellaneous Organic/Aminoacidopathies
MISCELLANEOUS
Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts
Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA)
PKAN
Huntington Disease
Wilson Disease
SECTION 10: ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Acquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview
TOXIC, METABOLIC, NUTRITIONAL, SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH CNS MANIFESTATIONS
Pediatric Hypoglycemia
Adult Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Kernicterus
Thyroid Disorders
Parathyroid Disorders
Fahr Disease
Alcoholic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Uremic Encephalopathy
Hyperthermic Encephalopathy (Heatstroke)
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
Chronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Drug Abuse
Methanol Poisoning
Cyanide Poisoning
Metronidazole Toxicity
Gadolinium Deposition
Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
Radiation and Chemotherapy
Pseudoprogression
Pseudoresponse
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
Status Epilepticus
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)
CHANTER Syndrome
DEMENTIAS AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Normal Aging Brain
Alzheimer Disease
Vascular Dementia
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Parkinson Disease
Multiple System Atrophy
Corticobasal Degeneration
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Wallerian Degeneration
Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis
Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration
Spinocerebellar Ataxia
Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia (FXTAS)
PART II: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES
SECTION 1: VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS
Ventricles and Cisterns Overview
NORMAL VARIANTS
Cavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP)
Cavum Velum Interpositum (CVI)
Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces
HYDROCEPHALUS
Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Aqueductal Stenosis
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
CSF Shunts and Complications
Corpus Callosum Impingement Syndrome
CSF DISORDERS
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Intracranial Hypotension
SECTION 2: SELLA AND PITUITARY
Sella and Pituitary Overview
CONGENITAL
Pituitary Anomalies
Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Rathke Cleft Cyst
NEOPLASMS
Pituitary Microadenoma/Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pituitary Macroadenoma/Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pituitary Apoplexy
Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma
Papillary Craniopharyngioma
Pituicytoma
Spindle Cell Oncocytoma
Granular Cell Tumor
MISCELLANEOUS
Empty Sella
Pituitary Hyperplasia
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis
SECTION 3: SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES
Skull, Scalp, and Meninges Overview
CONGENITAL
Congenital Calvarial Defects
Craniosynostoses
Cephalocele
Atretic Cephalocele
NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS
IgG4-Related Disease
Fibrous Dysplasia
Paget Disease
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Thick Skull
Neurosarcoid
Sebaceous Cyst
NEOPLASMS
Calvarial Venous Vascular Malformation
Dura/Venous Sinuses Venous Vascular Malformation
Multiple Myeloma
Skull and Meningeal Metastases
SECTION 1: CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Approach to Brain Malformations
CHIARI MALFORMATIONS
Chiari 1
Chiari 2
Chiari 3
HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS
Dandy-Walker Continuum
Rhombencephalosynapsis
Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias
Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert)
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE
Holoprosencephaly
Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant)
Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Commissural Abnormalities
MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT
Congenital Microcephaly
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Heterotopic Gray Matter
Polymicrogyria
Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Lissencephaly
Schizencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly
FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Meningioangiomatosis
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Neurocutaneous Melanosis
Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis
Aicardi Syndrome
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Schwannomatosis
Turcot Syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
PHACES Syndrome
SECTION 2: TRAUMA
Introduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma
PRIMARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA
Scalp and Skull Injuries
Missile and Penetrating Injury
Epidural Hematoma, Classic
Epidural Hematoma, Variant
Acute Subdural Hematoma
Subacute Subdural Hematoma
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Cerebral Contusion
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Subcortical Injury
Pneumocephalus
Abusive Head Trauma
SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA
Intracranial Herniation Syndromes
Posttraumatic Brain Swelling
Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction
Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria (BD/DNC)
Second-Impact Syndrome
Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury
Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Leptomeningeal Cyst (Growing Fracture)
SECTION 3: SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND ANEURYSMS
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Superficial Siderosis, Classic
Superficial Siderosis, Cortical
ANEURYSMS
Saccular Aneurysm
Pseudoaneurysm
Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia
ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm
Non-ASVD Fusiform Aneurysm
Blood Blister-Like Aneurysm
SECTION 4: STROKE
Stroke Overview
NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage
Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage
Remote Cerebellar Hemorrhage
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Critical Illness-Associated Microbleeds
ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CAROTID STENOSIS
Intracranial Atherosclerosis
Extracranial Atherosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis
NONATHEROMATOUS VASCULOPATHY
Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery
Persistent Carotid Basilar Anastomoses
Sickle Cell Disease
Moyamoya
Primary Arteritis of CNS
Miscellaneous Vasculitis
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Vasospasm
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cerebral Amyloid Disease
Cerebral Amyloid Disease, Inflammatory
Amyloid Related Imaging Abnormalities (ARIA)
CADASIL
Behçet Disease
Susac Syndrome
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
Hydranencephaly
White Matter Injury of Prematurity
Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Adult Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction
Childhood Stroke
Cerebral Hemiatrophy
Acute Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction
Subacute Cerebral Infarction
Chronic Cerebral Infarction
Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions
Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction
Cerebral Embolism, Air
Lacunar Infarction
Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome
Dural Sinus Thrombosis
Cortical Venous Thrombosis
Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Dural Sinus and Aberrant Arachnoid Granulations
SECTION 5: VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Vascular Malformations Overview
CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING
Arteriovenous Malformation
Dural AV Fistula
Pial AV Fistula
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy
CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING
Developmental Venous Anomaly
Sinus Pericranii
Cavernous Malformation
Capillary Telangiectasia
SECTION 6: NEOPLASMS
Neoplasms Overview
GLIOMAS, GLIONEURONAL TUMORS, AND NEURONAL TUMORS
Adult-Type Diffuse Gliomas
Astrocytoma, IDH-Mutant
Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted
Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype
Pediatric-Type Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL1-Altered
Angiocentric Glioma
Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of Young
Diffuse Low-Grade Glioma, MAPK Pathway-Altered
Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3 K27-Altered
Diffuse Hemispheric Glioma, H3 G34-Mutant
Diffuse Pediatric-Type High-Grade Glioma, H3-Wildtype and IDH-Wildtype
Infant-Type Hemispheric Glioma
Circumscribed Astrocytic Gliomas
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
High-Grade Astrocytoma With Piloid Features
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Astroblastoma, MN1-Altered
Glioneuronal and Neuronal Tumors
Ganglioglioma
Gangliocytoma
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma
DNET
Diffuse Glioneuronal Tumor With Oligodendroglioma-Like Features and Nuclear Clusters
Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor
Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor
Myxoid Glioneuronal Tumor
Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumor
Dysplastic Cerebellar Ganglioglioma (Lhermitte-Duclos Disease)
Central Neurocytoma
Extraventricular Neurocytoma
Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma
Malignant Glioneuronal Tumor
Ependymal Tumors
Supratentorial Ependymoma
Infratentorial Ependymoma
Subependymoma
CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
EMBRYONAL TUMORS
Medulloblastoma, Molecularly Defined
Medulloblastoma, Histologically Defined
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes
PINEAL TUMORS
Pineocytoma
Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation
Pineoblastoma
Papillary Tumor of Pineal Region
TUMORS OF CRANIAL/PERIPHERAL NERVES
Vestibular Schwannoma
Nonvestibular Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
HEMATOLYMPHOID TUMORS INVOLVING CNS
CNS Lymphomas
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of CNS
Immunodeficiency-Associated CNS Lymphoma
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Histiocytic Tumors
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain
Erdheim-Chester Disease
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
Miscellaneous Histiocytoses
MENINGIOMA
Meningioma, CNS WHO Grade 1
Atypical and Malignant Meningioma
MESENCHYMAL, NONMENINGOTHELIAL TUMORS INVOLVING CNS
Miscellaneous Benign Mesenchymal Tumors
Miscellaneous Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Hemangioblastoma
GERM CELL TUMORS
Germinoma
Teratoma
Miscellaneous Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasms
METASTATIC TUMORS
Parenchymal Metastases
Miscellaneous Intracranial Metastases
Secondary CNS Lymphoma
TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS
Ecchordosis Physaliphora
Calcifying Pseudoneoplasm of Neuraxis (CAPNON)
Lipoma
SECTION 7: PRIMARY NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS
Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview
Arachnoid Cyst
Colloid Cyst
Dermoid Cyst
Epidermoid Cyst
Neuroglial Cyst
Periventricular Cyst
Choroid Fissure Cyst
Hippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts
Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Pineal Cyst
Choroid Plexus Cyst
Ependymal Cyst
Porencephalic Cyst
Neurenteric Cyst
Nonneoplastic Tumor-Associated Cysts
SECTION 8: INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE
CNS Infectious Disease Overview
CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS
TORCH Infections, Overview
Congenital CMV
Congenital HIV
Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis
ACQUIRED INFECTIONS
Group B Streptococcal Meningitis
Citrobacter Meningitis
Meningitis
Abscess
Ventriculitis
Empyema
Herpes Encephalitis
Miscellaneous Encephalitis
West Nile Virus Encephalitis
HHV-6 Encephalitis
Cerebellitis
Rasmussen Encephalitis
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Tuberculosis
Neurocysticercosis
Hydatid Disease
Amebiasis
Cerebral Malaria
Miscellaneous Parasites
Fungal Diseases
Rickettsial Diseases
Lyme Disease
Acquired HIV Encephalitis
Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Acquired CMV
Cryptococcosis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Miscellaneous JC Virus Infection
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
HIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations
Zika Virus Infection
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
COVID-19
INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE
Multiple Sclerosis
ADEM
AHLE
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease (MOGAD)
Autoimmune Encephalitis
AIDP-Guillain-Barré Spectrum Disorders
CIDP
CLIPPERS
SLIPPERS
GFAP Astrocytopathy
SECTION 9: INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Approach to Normal Brain Development and
Metabolic Disorders
NORMAL VARIANTS
Hypomyelination
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS
Mitochondrial Encephalopathies
LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Gangliosidosis (GM2)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
Fabry Disease
PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS
Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Urea Cycle Disorders
Glutaric Acidemia Type 1
Canavan Disease
Alexander Disease
Miscellaneous Organic/Aminoacidopathies
MISCELLANEOUS
Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts
Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA)
PKAN
Huntington Disease
Wilson Disease
SECTION 10: ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Acquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview
TOXIC, METABOLIC, NUTRITIONAL, SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH CNS MANIFESTATIONS
Pediatric Hypoglycemia
Adult Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Kernicterus
Thyroid Disorders
Parathyroid Disorders
Fahr Disease
Alcoholic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Uremic Encephalopathy
Hyperthermic Encephalopathy (Heatstroke)
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
Chronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Drug Abuse
Methanol Poisoning
Cyanide Poisoning
Metronidazole Toxicity
Gadolinium Deposition
Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
Radiation and Chemotherapy
Pseudoprogression
Pseudoresponse
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
Status Epilepticus
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)
CHANTER Syndrome
DEMENTIAS AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Normal Aging Brain
Alzheimer Disease
Vascular Dementia
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Parkinson Disease
Multiple System Atrophy
Corticobasal Degeneration
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Wallerian Degeneration
Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis
Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration
Spinocerebellar Ataxia
Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia (FXTAS)
PART II: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES
SECTION 1: VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS
Ventricles and Cisterns Overview
NORMAL VARIANTS
Cavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP)
Cavum Velum Interpositum (CVI)
Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces
HYDROCEPHALUS
Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Aqueductal Stenosis
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
CSF Shunts and Complications
Corpus Callosum Impingement Syndrome
CSF DISORDERS
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Intracranial Hypotension
SECTION 2: SELLA AND PITUITARY
Sella and Pituitary Overview
CONGENITAL
Pituitary Anomalies
Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Rathke Cleft Cyst
NEOPLASMS
Pituitary Microadenoma/Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pituitary Macroadenoma/Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
Pituitary Apoplexy
Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma
Papillary Craniopharyngioma
Pituicytoma
Spindle Cell Oncocytoma
Granular Cell Tumor
MISCELLANEOUS
Empty Sella
Pituitary Hyperplasia
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis
SECTION 3: SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES
Skull, Scalp, and Meninges Overview
CONGENITAL
Congenital Calvarial Defects
Craniosynostoses
Cephalocele
Atretic Cephalocele
NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS
IgG4-Related Disease
Fibrous Dysplasia
Paget Disease
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Thick Skull
Neurosarcoid
Sebaceous Cyst
NEOPLASMS
Calvarial Venous Vascular Malformation
Dura/Venous Sinuses Venous Vascular Malformation
Multiple Myeloma
Skull and Meningeal Metastases
- Edition: 5
- Latest edition
- Published: November 13, 2025
- Language: English
KS
Karen L. Salzman
Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, is Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Neuroradiology Section Chief, as well as Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology and Vice Chair of Education at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine with the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Neuroradiology Section Chief, Leslie W. Davis Endowed Chair in Neuroradiology, Vice Chair of Education, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UtahMJ
Miral D. Jhaveri
Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA is a lead author of the prior editions of this book and lead author of Diagnostic Imaging: Brain. Jhaveri is a Colonel Robert R. McCormick Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Division Head of Neuroradiology, and Chair of the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois.
Affiliations and expertise
Colonel Robert R. McCormick Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Division Head, Neuroradiology Chair, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois